SPECI AL PUBLI CATI ON September 1998 Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series Module 19 — The Technician’s Handbook NAVEDTRA 14191 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. PREFACE Special Publications (SPs) are manuals or catalogs that provide information of general benefit and career development. SPs have no associated assignments or tests. NEETS Module 19 — The Technician' s Handbook presents the technician who works in the electrical and electronics fields with a ready reference manual for use during everyday work. This SP is available ONLY in electronic Portable Document Format from the following web site: http://www.advancement.cnet.navy.mil Refer questions about this SP to: E-mail: n3 1 5.products@cnet.navy.mil Phone: Comm: (850) 452-1001, ext. 1728 DSN: 922-1001, ext. 1728/1809 FAX: (850)452-1370 (Do not fax answer sheets.) Address: COMMANDING OFFICER NETPDTC N315 6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROAD PENSACOLA FL 32509-5237 1998 Edition Prepared by TMCM Jack L. Formyduval Published by NAVAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER l Sailor’s Creed “I am a United States Sailor. I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States of America and I will obey the orders of those appointed over me. I represent the fighting spirit of the Navy and those who have gone before me to defend freedom and democracy around the world. I proudly serve my country’s Navy combat team with honor, courage and commitment. I am committed to excellence and the fair treatment of all.” 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 1. The Technician’s Handbook 1-1 NAVY ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS TRAINING SERIES The Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS) was developed for use by personnel in many electrical- and electronic-related Navy ratings. Written by, and with the advice of, senior technicians in these ratings, this series provides beginners with fundamental electrical and electronic concepts through self-study. The presentation of this series is not oriented to any specific rating structure, but is divided into modules containing related information organized into traditional paths of instruction. The series is designed to give small amounts of information that can be easily digested before advancing further into the more complex material. For a student just becoming acquainted with electricity or electronics, it is highly recommended that the modules be studied in their suggested sequence. While there is a listing of NEETS by module title, the following brief descriptions give a quick overview of how the individual modules flow together. Module 1, Introduction to Matter, Energy, and Direct Current , introduces the course with a short history of electricity and electronics and proceeds into the characteristics of matter, energy, and direct current (dc). It also describes some of the general safety precautions and first-aid procedures that should be common knowledge for a person working in the field of electricity. Related safety hints are located throughout the rest of the series, as well. Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers, is an introduction to alternating current (ac) and transformers, including basic ac theory and fundamentals of electromagnetism, inductance, capacitance, impedance, and transformers. Module 3, Introduction to Circuit Protection, Control, and Measurement, encompasses circuit breakers, fuses, and current limiters used in circuit protection, as well as the theory and use of meters as electrical measuring devices. Module 4, Introduction to Electrical Conductors, Wiring Techniques, and Schematic Reading, presents conductor usage, insulation used as wire covering, splicing, termination of wiring, soldering, and reading electrical wiring diagrams. Module 5, Introduction to Generators and Motors, is an introduction to generators and motors, and covers the uses of ac and dc generators and motors in the conversion of electrical and mechanical energies. Module 6, Introduction to Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies, ties the first five modules together in an introduction to vacuum tubes and vacuum-tube power supplies. Module 7, Introduction to Solid-State Devices and Power Supplies, is similar to module 6, but it is in reference to solid-state devices. Module 8, Introduction to Amplifiers, covers amplifiers. Module 9, Introduction to Wave-Generation and Wave-Shaping Circuits, discusses wave generation and wave-shaping circuits. Module 10, Introduction to Wave Propagation, Transmission Lines, and Antennas, presents the characteristics of wave propagation, transmission lines, and antennas. IV Module 11, Microwave Principles , explains microwave oscillators, amplifiers, and waveguides. Module 12, Modulation Principles , discusses the principles of modulation. Module 13, Introduction to Number Systems and Logic Circuits , presents the fundamental concepts of number systems, Boolean algebra, and logic circuits, all of which pertain to digital computers. Module 14, Introduction to Microelectronics , covers microelectronics technology and miniature and microminiature circuit repair. Module 15, Principles of Synchros, Servos, and Gyros, provides the basic principles, operations, functions, and applications of synchro, servo, and gyro mechanisms. Module 16, Introduction to Test Equipment, is an introduction to some of the more commonly used test equipments and their applications. Module 17, Radio-Frequency Communications Principles, presents the fundamentals of a radio- frequency communications system. Module 18, Radar Principles, covers the fundamentals of a radar system. Module 19, The Technician's Handbook, is a handy reference of commonly used general information, such as electrical and electronic formulas, color coding, and naval supply system data. Module 20, Master Glossary, is the glossary of terms for the series. Module 21, Test Methods and Practices, describes basic test methods and practices. Module 22, Introduction to Digital Computers, is an introduction to digital computers. Module 23, Magnetic Recording, is an introduction to the use and maintenance of magnetic recorders and the concepts of recording on magnetic tape and disks. Module 24, Introduction to Fiber Optics, is an introduction to fiber optics. Embedded questions are inserted throughout each module, except for modules 19 and 20, which are reference books. If you have any difficulty in answering any of the questions, restudy the applicable section. Although an attempt has been made to use simple language, various technical words and phrases have necessarily been included. Specific terms are defined in Module 20, Master Glossary. Considerable emphasis has been placed on illustrations to provide a maximum amount of information. In some instances, a knowledge of basic algebra may be required. Assignments are provided for each module, with the exceptions of Module 19, The Technician's Handbook ; and Module 20, Master Glossary. Course descriptions and ordering information are in NAVEDTRA 12061, Catalog of Nonresident Training Courses. v Throughout the text of this course and while using technical manuals associated with the equipment you will be working on, you will find the below notations at the end of some paragraphs. The notations are used to emphasize that safety hazards exist and care must be taken or observed. WARNING AN OPERATING PROCEDURE, PRACTICE, OR CONDITION, ETC., WHICH MAY RESULT IN INJURY OR DEATH IF NOT CAREFULLY OBSERVED OR FOLLOWED. CAUTION AN OPERATING PROCEDURE, PRACTICE, OR CONDITION, ETC., WHICH MAY RESULT IN DAMAGE TO EQUIPMENT IF NOT CAREFULLY OBSERVED OR FOLLOWED. NOTE An operating procedure, practice, or condition, etc., which is essential to emphasize. vi Student Comments NEETS Module 19 Course Title: The Technician } s Handbook NAVEDTRA: 14191 Date: We need some information about you : Rate/Rank and Name: SSN: Command/Unit Street Address: City: State/FPO: Zip Your comments, suggestions, etc .: Privacy Act Statement: Under authority of Title 5, USC 301, information regarding your military status is requested in processing your comments and in preparing a reply. This information will not be divulged without written authorization to anyone other than those within POD for official use in determining performance. NETPDTC 1550/41 (Rev 4-00) Vll CHAPTER 1 THE TECHNICIAN'S HANDBOOK Here, in one compact module, you will be able to find essential information and reference material. Whether you want to know safety precautions, first aid, or any number of helpful pieces of information, you will find it indexed. We have included electrical and electronic formulas, data tables, and general maintenance hints. In most cases you will find references to other more detailed sources included. We solicit your suggestions, maintenance hints, and constructive criticism. You will receive credit in future editions of this handbook if your input is used. MISHAP PREVENTION AND AFTERCARE Most of us working with electricity take risks. Usually we get our jobs done without any harmful results. Mishaps or injuries usually result from not understanding a risk or danger. The first part of this handbook is designed to help you eliminate or minimize mishaps. It also provides you with a good review of what to do in case of a mishap. SAFETY OBSERVATIONS FOR THE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNICIAN Working safely is the most important thing you can do. Because of their importance, several precautions are included as the first subject in this handbook. Of course there are more precautions, but these are some you should think about. The keyword here is think. Think safety. • Never work alone. • Never receive an intentional shock. • Only work on, operate, or adjust equipment if you are authorized. • Don't work on energized equipment unless absolutely necessary. • Keep loose tools, metal parts, and liquids from above electrical equipment. Never use steel wool or emery cloth on electric and electronic circuits. • Never attempt to repair energized circuits except in an emergency. • Never measure voltage in excess of 300 volts while holding the meter wire or probe. • Use only one hand when operating circuit breakers or switches. • Use proper tag-out procedures for regular and preventive maintenance. 1-1 • Be cautious when working in voids or unvented spaces. • Beware the dangers of working aloft. Never attempt to stop a rotating antenna manually. • Keep protective closures, fuse panels, and circuit breaker boxes closed unless you are actually working on them. • Never bypass an interlock unless you are authorized to do so by the commanding officer, and then properly tag the bypass. • Use extreme caution when handling cathode-ray tubes. They implode violently if broken. The anode contact may have a residual electrical charge. Make sure you discharge the anode before handling. You can find additional and more detailed information on safety in the Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (E1MB), General , NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-100, paragraph 3-4. Another excellent reference source is the Naval Electronics Systems Command's Electronic Safety Handbook , E0410-AA- HBK-010/00K ELEXSAFE. FIRST AID First aid is the emergency care you give to sick or injured persons. It consists only of providing temporary assistance or treatment until medical help is available. In addition to knowing what to do for a victim, you should also know what not to do. This section should be used to reinforce the knowledge you already have about first aid. First aid is included in detail for the purposes of review, study, and ready reference. First aid study classes are usually available through your medical department or the American Red Cross. Your knowledge of first aid measures and their proper application may mean the difference between life and death, between rapid recovery and long hospitalization, or between temporary disability and permanent injury. The objectives of first aid are to save life and prevent further injury. First aid is not a substitute, however, for proper medical treatment. Keep in mind the objectives of first aid. Everyone in the Navy must know when and how to apply first aid measures and must be prepared to give assistance to persons injured in battle, collision, fire, or accidents. In administering first aid, you have three primary tasks: • Maintain breathing • Stop bleeding • Prevent or reduce shock The first step, of course, is to determine the extent of the victim's injuries. When you treat a victim, first consideration usually must be given to the most serious injury. In general, the order of treatment is to restore breathing, stop bleeding, and treat for shock. Work quickly, but do not rush around frantically. Do not waste time looking for ready-made materials; do the best you can with whatever is at hand. Send for medical help as soon as possible. 1-2 Although each case involving injury or sickness presents its own special problems, the following general rules apply to practically all situations. Become familiar with these basic rules before you go on to first aid treatment for specific types of injuries. 1 . Keep the victim lying down, head level with the body, until you have found out what kind of injury has occurred and how serious it is. If the victim shows one of the following difficulties, however, follow the rule given for that specific problem: a. Vomiting or bleeding about the mouth and semi-consciousness. If the victim is in danger of sucking in blood, vomited matter, or water, place the victim on his/her side or back with the head turned to one side and lower than the feet. b. Shortness of breath. If the victim has a chest injury or breathing difficulties, place the victim in a sitting or semi-sitting position. c. Shock. If the victim is in shock, place the person on his or her back with the head slightly lower than the feet. 2. Move the victim no more than is absolutely necessary. To determine the extent of the victim's injuries, carefully rip or cut the clothing along the seams. If done improperly, the removal of the victim's clothing could cause great harm, especially if fracture injuries are involved. When the clothing is removed, ensure that the victim does not become chilled. Shoes may also be cut off to avoid causing pain or increasing an injury. 3. The victim need not see the actual injury(ies). You can supply reassurance and make the victim more comfortable by ensuring him or her that the injuries incurred are understood and medical attention will be given as soon as possible. 4. Do not touch open wounds or burns with fingers or other objects, except when sterile compresses or bandages are not available and it is absolutely necessary to stop severe bleeding. 5. Do not try to give an unconscious person any solid or liquid substance by mouth. The person may vomit and get some of the material into the lungs when he or she breathes, causing choking and possibly death. 6. If a bone is broken, or you suspect that one is broken, do not move the victim until you have immobilized the injured part. This may prove life saving in cases of severe bone fractures or spinal cord injuries, because the jagged bone may sever nerves and blood vessels, damage tissues, and increase shock. Of course, threat of fire, necessity to abandon ship, or other similar situations may require that the victim be moved. But the principle that further damage could be done by moving the victim should always be kept in mind and considered against other factors. 7. When transporting an injured person, always see that the litter is carried feet forward no matter what the injuries are. This will enable the rear bearer to observe the victim for any respiratory obstruction or stoppage of breathing. 8. Keep the injured person comfortably warm — warm enough to maintain normal body temperature. Very serious and mutilating injuries may require heroic first aid measures on your part. However, the greater the number of injuries, the more judgment and self-control you must exhibit to prevent yourself and well-intentioned bystanders from trying to do too much. 1-3 Electric Shock Electric shock may cause anything from mild surprise to death. The effects of the shock are usually unknown. It is often hard to determine how an electrical shock victim has been affected. SYMPTOMS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK. — When you find someone who has received a severe electric shock, the person's skin is usually very white or pale blue. In the case of victims with dark skin, it may be necessary to rely primarily on the color of the mucous membranes on the inside of the mouth or under the eye lid or under the nail bed. A person in or going into electric shock has a bluish color to these membranes instead of a healthy pink. The victim's pulse is very weak or absent. The person is unconscious, and usually the skin is burned. A stiffness of the body may happen in a few minutes. This is caused by the muscles reacting to shock. You should not consider this condition as rigor mortis. You should make sure the victim is no longer touching the live circuit and then start artificial respiration. People have recovered after body stiffness has set in. RESCUE OF VICTIMS. — The rescue of a shock victim depends on your immediate administration of first aid. WARNING Do not attempt to administer first aid or come in physical contact with an electric shock victim before the power is shut off or, if the power cannot be shut off immediately, before the victim has been removed from the live conductor. When attempting to administer first aid to an electric shock victim, proceed as follows: Shut off the pow er. If the power cannot be deactivated, remove the victim immediately, observing the following precautions: — Protect yourself with dry insulating material. Use a dry board, a belt, dry clothing, or other available nonconductive material to free the victim (by pulling, pushing, or rolling) from the power-carrying object. DO NOT TOUCH the victim. Immediately after you remove the victim from contact with the live circuit, administer artificial respiration/ventilation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation as necessary. ANYONE WHO RECEIVES A SIGNIFICANT SHOCK SHOULD BE TAKEN TO SICK BAY OR A MEDICAL FACILITY AND OBSERVED FOR SEVERAL HOURS. Artificial Ventilation A person who has stopped breathing is not necessarily dead, but is in immediate critical danger. Life depends on oxygen that is breathed into the lungs and then carried by the blood to every body cell. Since body cells cannot store oxygen, and since the blood can hold only a limited amount (and only for a short time), death will surely result from continued lack of breathing. The heart may continue to beat and the blood may still be circulated to the body cells for some time after breathing has stopped. Since the blood will, for a short time, contain a small supply of oxygen, the body cells will not die immediately. Thus, for a few minutes, there is some chance that the person's life may be saved. A person who has stopped breathing but who is still alive is said to be in a state of respiratory failure. The first aid treatment for respiratory failure is called artificial ventilation. 1-4 The purpose of artificial ventilation is to provide a method of air exchange until natural breathing is established. Artificial ventilation should be given only when natural breathing has stopped; it must NOT be given to any person who is still breathing. Do not assume that breathing has stopped merely because a person is unconscious or because a person has been rescued from the water, from poisonous gas, or from contact with an electric wire. Remember, DO NOT GIVE ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION TO A PERSON WHO IS BREATHING NATURALLY. If the victim does not begin spontaneous breathing after you use the head or jaw tilt techniques (discussed later) to open the airway, artificial ventilation must be attempted immediately. If ventilation is inadequate, one of the "thrust" methods of clearing the airway must be performed, followed by another attempt of artificial ventilation. MOUTH-TO-MOUTH. — To perform this method of ventilation, clear the victim's mouth of obstructions (false teeth and foreign matter), place one hand under the victim's neck and the heel of the other hand on the forehead, and, using the thumb and index finger, pinch the nostrils shut. Tilt the head back to open the airway. Take a deep breath, cover the victim's mouth with your own, and blow into the victim's mouth. Then remove your mouth from the victim's to allow the victim to exhale. Observe the victim's chest for movement. If the victim has not started to breathe normally, start artificial ventilation with four quick ventilation in succession, allowing the lungs to only partially inflate. If the victim still does not respond, then you must fully inflate the victim's lungs at the rate of 12 TO 15 VENTILATIONS PER MINUTE, or ONE BREATH EVERY 5 SECONDS. MOUTH-TO-NOSE. — This type ventilation is effective when the victim has extensive facial or dental injuries or is very young, as it permits an effective air seal. To administer this method, place the heel of one hand on the victim's forehead and use the other hand to lift the jaw. After sealing the victim's lips, take a deep breath, place your lips over the victim's nose, and blow. Observe the chest for movement and place your ear next to the victim's nose to listen for, or feel, air exchange. Again, you must continue your efforts at the rate of 12 to 15 ventilation per minute, or one breath every 5 seconds, until the victim can breathe without assistance. NOTE: Sometimes during artificial ventilation, air enters the stomach instead of the lungs. This condition is called GASTRIC DISTENTION. It can be relieved by moderate pressure exerted with a flat hand between the navel and rib cage. Before applying pressure, turn the victim's head to the side to prevent choking on stomach contents that are often brought up during the process. BACK PRESSURE ARM LIFT. — This method is an alternate technique used when other methods are not possible. Place the victim on the stomach, face to one side, neck hypo-extended, with hands under the head. Quickly clear the mouth of any foreign matter. Kneel at the victim's head and place your hands on the victim's back so that the heels of the hands lie just below a line between the armpits, with thumbs touching and fingers extending downward and outward. Rock forward, keeping your arms straight, and exert pressure almost directly downward on the victim's back, forcing air out of the lungs. Then rock backward, releasing the pressure and grasping the arms just above the elbows. Continue to rock backward, pulling the arms upward and inward (toward the head) until resistance and tension in the victim's shoulders are noted. This expands the chest, causing active intake of air (inspiration). Rock forward and release the victim's arms. This causes passive exiting of air (expiration). Repeat the cycle of press , release , lift, and release 10 to 12 times a minute until the victim can breathe naturally. Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Cardiac arrest is the complete stoppage of heart function. If the victim is to live, action must be taken immediately to restore heart function. 1-5 In this situation, the immediate administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by a rescuer using correct procedures greatly increases the chances of a victim's survival. To be effective, CPR must be started within 4 minutes of the onset of cardiac arrest. CPR consists of external heart compression and artificial ventilation. This compression is performed on the outside of the chest, and the lungs are ventilated either by mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose techniques. The victim should be lying on a firm surface. CAUTION A rescuer who has not been properly trained should not attempt CPR. Everyone who works around electricity should be trained. (To learn CPR, consult a hospital corpsman.) Improperly done, CPR can cause serious damage. Therefore, it is never practiced on a healthy individual for training purposes; a training aid is used instead. ONE RESCUER TECHNIQUE. — If a cardiac arrest is not witnessed, the rescuer must not assume that an arrest has occurred solely because the victim is lying on the floor and appears to be unconscious. First, try to arouse the victim. You can try shaking the victim's shoulders gently to obtain a response. Next, quickly check vital signs; if there is no response, apply artificial ventilation. Establish an open airway and ventilate the victim four times. Check the carotid (neck) pulse as shown in figure 1-1. If no pulse is felt and there are no visible signs of breathing, start CPR immediately. To start external cardiac compression, place the victim on the back, establish an open airway, and kneel at right angles to the victim's body. Then locate the victim's sternum (breastbone). You have a choice of two methods of doing this. One method is to bare the chest and locate the sternum by drawing an imaginary line from one nipple to the other to identify the proper area of the sternum, which is darkened in figure 1-2. The other method is to locate the lower tip of the sternum with the index and middle fingers, placing the heels of your hands above your fingers in the darkened area. 1-6 Figure 1-2. — Locating the sternum. There is a small piece of cartilage at the lower end of the sternum (figure 1-2). A fracture of this area can damage the liver, causing hemorrhage (heavy bleeding) and death. When you place the heels of your hands on the victim's chest, make sure they are above the tip of the sternum. Place the heel of one hand directly on the sternum and the heel of the other on top of the first. Figure 1-3, view A, shows this technique. Interlock your fingers and keep them off the victim's chest! Figure 1-3. — Position for cardiac compression. 1-7 Lean or rock forward with elbows locked, and apply vertical pressure to depress the sternum (adult) 1 1/2 to 2 inches. View B depicts this. Then release the pressure, keeping hands in place. Administer 60 to 80 compressions per minute. You will feel less fatigue if you use the proper technique, and a more effective compression will result. Ineffective compression occurs when the elbows are not locked, the rescuer is not directly over the sternum, or the hands are improperly placed on the sternum. When one rescuer performs CPR, as shown in figure 1-4, the ratio of compressions to ventilations is 15 to 2. After 15 compressions, you must give the victim 2 ventilations. This ratio must continue for four full cycles. Then check for pulse and breathing. If there are still no signs of recovery, continue CPR until the victim can breathe unassisted or you are relieved by medical personnel. Figure 1-4. — One rescuer CPR technique. Before reviewing the next technique, let's go over the steps to take in an unwitnessed cardiac arrest involving one rescuer. 1 . Determine whether the victim is conscious. 2. Check the vital signs. 3. Ventilate four times (you may have to remove an airway obstruction at this time!). 4. Again check the vital signs; if none: a. Begin compression-ventilation rate of 1 5 to 2 for four complete cycles. b. Check pulse, breathing, and pupils. If no change c. Continue compression-ventilation rate of 15 to 2 until victim is responsive or you are relieved by medical personnel. 1-8 TWO RESCUER TECHNIQUE. — If two people trained in CPR are on the scene, one must perform compressions while the other performs artificial ventilation. The ratio for two-person CPR is 5 compressions to 1 ventilation. One rescuer is positioned at the chest area and the other beside the victim's head. The rescuers should be on opposite sides of the victim. To avoid confusion, one rescuer must be designated the leader. The leader must make the preliminary checks of the victim's vital signs and perform the initial four ventilations. The second rescuer will perform the compressions. When CPR is started, the compressions should be given in a constant, methodical rhythm. The rescuer giving the compressions counts them out loud. As the fifth compression is released, the other rescuer ventilates the victim. The compressions should be continued while ventilation is being given. Hemorrhage Blood is circulated throughout the body by means of three different kinds of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are large vessels that carry the blood away from the heart; veins are large vessels that carry the blood back to the heart; and capillaries form a connecting network of smaller vessels between the arteries and the veins. Hemorrhage (escape of blood) occurs whenever there is a break in the wall of one or more blood vessels. In most small cuts, only capillaries are injured. Deeper wounds result in injury to veins or arteries. Bleeding which is severe enough to endanger life seldom occurs except when arteries or veins are cut. The average adult body contains about 5 quarts (4.75 liters) of blood. One pint of blood can usually be lost without harmful effect — in fact, this is the amount usually given by blood donors. However, the loss of 2 pints (.95 liter) will usually cause shock; shock becomes greater and greater as the amount of blood loss increases (shock will be discussed later in this chapter). If half the blood in the body is lost, death almost always results. Capillary blood is usually brick red in color. If capillaries are cut, the blood oozes out slowly. Blood from veins is dark red. If a vein is cut, the blood escapes in a steady, even flow. If an artery near the surface is cut, the blood will gush out in spurts that are synchronized with the heartbeats; but if the cut artery is deeply buried, the bleeding will appear to be a steady stream. Arterial blood is usually bright red in color. In actual practice, you might find it difficult to decide whether bleeding is from a vein or an artery; but the distinction is not usually important. The important thing to know is that bleeding must be controlled as quickly as possible. METHODS OF CONTROLLING BLEEDING. — The only way to stop serious bleeding is by the application of pressure. In practically all cases, bleeding can be stopped if PRESSURE is applied DIRECTLY TO THE WOUND. If direct pressure does not stop the bleeding, pressure should be applied at the appropriate pressure point. In those very rare cases where bleeding is so severe that it cannot be controlled by either of these methods, pressure can be applied by means of a tight, constricting band called a tourniquet. PROCEDURES. — The actual procedures you should use to stop bleeding are detailed in the following paragraphs: Direct Pressure. — In almost every case, bleeding can be stopped by the application of pressure directly on the wound. Figure 1-5 is an example of direct pressure. Place a dressing (sterile or clean, if 1-9 possible) over the wound and firmly fasten it in position with a bandage. If bleeding does not stop, firmly secure another dressing over the first, or apply direct pressure with your hand to the dressing. Figure 1-5. — Direct pressure. In cases of severe hemorrhage, do not worry too much about the dangers of infection. The basic problem is to stop the flow of blood. If no material is available, simply apply pressure with your bare hand. Remember, DIRECT PRESSURE is the first method to use when you are trying to control hemorrhage. Pressure Points. — Bleeding from a cut artery or vein may often be controlled by pressure applied to the appropriate pressure point. A pressure point is a place where the main artery to the injured part lies near the skin surface and over a bone. Pressure at such a point is applied with the fingers (digital pressure) or with the hand; no first aid materials are required. The object of the pressure is to compress the artery against the bone, thus shutting off the flow of blood from the heart to the wound. There are 1 1 principal points on each side of the body where hand or finger pressure can be used to stop hemorrhage. These points are shown in figure 1 -6. 1-10 You should memorize these pressure points so that you will know immediately which point to use for controlling hemorrhage from a particular part of the body. The correct pressure point is the one that is 1-11 (1) NEAREST THE WOUND and (2) BETWEEN THE WOUND AND THE MAIN PART OF THE BODY. Applying finger pressure is very tiring, and it can seldom be maintained for more than 15 minutes. Pressure points are recommended for use while direct pressure is being applied to a serious wound. While pressure is being applied at the appropriate pressure point, an assistant can bandage the wound (or wounds). If available, a battle dressing should be used. Figure 1-7 shows the battle dressing and its use. After opening the dressing, be careful not to contaminate it. Place the compress portion over the wound, then bind it tightly in place with the attached straps. If bleeding continues to be severe even after direct pressure and pressure points have been used, you may have to apply a tourniquet. Use of the Tourniquet. — A tourniquet is a constricting band that is used to cut off the supply of blood to an injured limb. It cannot be used to control bleeding from the head, neck, or trunk, since its use in these locations would result in greater injury or death. A tourniquet should be used only if the control of hemorrhage by other means proves to be impossible. Basically, a tourniquet consists of a pad, a band, and a device for tightening the band so that the blood vessels will be compressed. There are several different kinds of ready-made tourniquets. A variety of materials can be used to improvise tourniquets. Any round, smooth pressure object may be used for the pad — a compress, a roller bandage, a stone, a rifle shell — and any long, flat material may be used as the band. However, the band must be flat: belts, stockings, flat strips of rubber, or neckerchiefs can be used; but rope, wire, string, or very narrow pieces of cloth should not be used because they will cut into the flesh. A short stick may be used to twist the band, thus tightening the tourniquet. A tourniquet must always be applied above the wound — that is, toward the body — and it must be applied as close to the wound as practicable. The best object to be used for the pad is either a bandage, a compress, or some similar pressure object. The pad goes under the band. It must be placed directly over the artery, or it will actually decrease the pressure on the artery and thus allow greater flow of blood. If a tourniquet placed over a pressure object does not stop the bleeding, the pressure object is probably in the wrong place. If this occurs, shift 1-12 the object around until the tourniquet, when tightened, will control the bleeding. If no suitable pressure object is available, use the tourniquet without it. To apply an emergency tourniquet made from something like a neckerchief, wrap the material once around the limb and tie an overhand knot; place a short stick on the overhand knot and tie a square knot over it. Then twist the stick rapidly to tighten the tourniquet. The stick may be tied in place with another strip of material. Figure 1-8 shows how to apply a tourniquet. Figure 1-8. — Applying a tourniquet. To be effective, a tourniquet must be tight enough to stop the blood flowing to the limb. If the pressure from the tourniquet is less than the arterial pressure, arterial bleeding will continue. Also, insufficient tourniquet pressure may actually increase the amount of bleeding from the veins. So be sure to draw the tourniquet tight enough to stop the bleeding. However, do not make it any tighter than necessary. After you have brought the bleeding under control with the tourniquet, apply a sterile compress or dressing to the wound and fasten it in position with a bandage. CAUTION NEVER apply a tourniquet unless the hemorrhage is so severe that it cannot be controlled in any other way. By the time the tourniquet is required, the victim will have lost a considerable amount of blood; therefore, once a tourniquet has been applied, it should be released only by medical personnel. Here are the points to remember when you use a tourniquet: • Do not use a tourniquet unless you cannot control the bleeding by any other means. • Do not use a tourniquet for bleeding from the head, face, neck, or trunk. Use it only on the limbs. • Always apply a tourniquet above the wound and as close to the wound as possible. 1-13 • Be sure you draw the tourniquet tight enough to stop the bleeding, but do not make it any tighter than necessary. • Do not loosen a tourniquet after it has been applied except in extreme emergency. • Do not cover a tourniquet with a dressing. If you must cover the injured person in some way, make sure that all other people concerned with the case know about the tourniquet. Using crayon, magic marker, or blood, mark a large T on the victim's forehead or on a medical tag attached to the wrist. Shock If you've ever hit your finger with a hammer and felt — in addition to the pain — weak, dizzy, and nauseous, then you have experienced a mild form of shock. In such an instance, the symptoms appear immediately after the injury; but they may not show up for several hours. Shock is a condition in which blood circulation is seriously disturbed. Crushed or fractured bones, burns, prolonged bleeding, and asphyxia all cause shock. It may be slight or it may be severe enough to cause death. Because all injuries will result in some form of shock, you must learn its symptoms and know how to treat the victim. HOW TO RECOGNIZE SHOCK. — A person who is going into shock may show quite a few signs or symptoms, some of which are indicated in figure 1 -9 and are discussed below. Remember, however, that signs of shock do not always appear at the time of the injury; indeed, in many serious cases they may not appear until hours later. Figure 1-9. — Symptoms of shock. 1-14 The symptoms of a person suffering from shock are caused, directly or indirectly, by the disturbance of the circulation of the blood. The pulse is weak and rapid. Breathing is likely to be shallow, rapid, and irregular, because the poor circulation of the blood affects the breathing center in the brain. The temperature near the surface of the body is lowered because of the poor blood flow; so the face, arms, and legs feel cold to the touch. Sweating is likely to be very noticeable. A person in shock is usually very pale, but in some cases the skin may have a bluish or reddish color. As mentioned previously when we were discussing electric shock, in the care of victims with dark skin, it may be necessary to rely primarily on the color of the mucous membranes on the inside of the mouth or under the eyelid or under the nail bed. A person in or going into shock has a bluish color to these membranes instead of a healthy pink. The pupils of the eyes are usually dilated (enlarged). A conscious person in shock may complain of thirst and have a feeling of weakness, faintness, or dizziness. The victim may feel nauseous, restless, frightened, and/or anxious. As shock deepens, these signs gradually disappear and the victim becomes less and less responsive to what is going on. Even pain may not arouse the shock victim. Finally, the victim may become unconscious. You will not likely see all these symptoms of shock in any one case. Some of them appear only in late stages of shock when the disturbance of the blood flow has become so great that the person’s life is in serious danger. Sometimes the signs of shock may be disguised by other signs of injury. You must know what symptoms indicate the presence of shock, but do not ever wait for symptoms to develop before beginning the treatment for shock. Remember, EVERY SERIOUSLY INJURED PERSON IS LIKELY TO DEVELOP SERIOUS SHOCK. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF SHOCK.— You should begin treatment for shock as soon as possible. Prompt treatment may prevent the occurrence of shock or, if it has already developed, prevent its reaching a critical point. Keep the victim lying down and warm. If conscious, the victim should be encouraged and assured that expert medical help will arrive soon. KEEP AN INJURED PERSON WARM ENOUGH FOR COMFORT, BUT DO NOT LET THE VICTIM BECOME OVERHEATED. The best position to use for the prevention or the treatment of shock is one which encourages the flow of blood to the brain. If the injured person can be placed on his/her back on a bed, a cot, or a stretcher, you can raise the lower end of the support about 12 inches so that the feet will be higher than the head. The circumstances of the accident may prevent the use of a bed, a cot, or a stretcher. In such cases, you might still be able to raise the feet and legs enough to help the blood flow to the brain. Sometimes you can take advantage of a natural slope of ground and place the casualty so that the head is lower than the feet. In every case, of course, you will have to consider what type of injury is present before you can decide on the best position. For example, a person with a chest wound may have so much trouble breathing that you will have to raise the head slightly. If the face is flushed rather than pale, or if you have any reason to suspect a head injury, do not raise the feet; instead, you should keep the head level with or slightly higher than the feet. If the person has broken bones, you will have to judge what position would be best both for the fractures and for shock. A fractured spine must be immobilized before the victim is moved at all, if further injuries are to be avoided. If you have any doubts about the correct position to use, have the victim lie flat on his/her back. THE BASIC POSITION FOR TREATING SHOCK IS ONE IN WHICH THE HEAD IS LOWER THAN THE FEET. Do the best you can under the particular circumstances to get the injured person into this position. In any case, never let a seriously injured person sit, stand, or walk around. 1-15 Liquids should be administered sparingly, and not at all if medical attention will be available within a short time. If necessary, small amounts of warm water, tea, or coffee may be given to a victim who is conscious. Persons having serious burns are an exception. Burn victims require large amounts of fluids. Water, tea, fruit juices, and sugar water may be given freely to a victim who is conscious, able to swallow, and has no internal injuries. Slightly salted water is also beneficial. Alcohol must never be given to a person in shock. An injured person may or may not be in pain. The amount of pain felt depends in part on the person's physical condition and the type of injury. Extreme pain, if not relieved, can increase the degree of shock. Make the victim as comfortable as possible. Fractures should be immobilized and supported. Immobilization greatly reduces, and sometimes eliminates, pain. Normally, you should not administer drugs, but aspirin may be given for mild pain. Heat is important in the treatment of shock to the extent that the injured person's body heat must be conserved. Exposure to cold, with resulting loss of body heat, can cause shock to develop or to become worse. You will have to judge the amount of covering to use by considering the weather and the general circumstances of the accident. Often a light covering will be enough to keep the casualty comfortable. Wet clothing should be removed and dry covering provided, even on a hot day. Use blankets or any dry material to conserve body heat. Artificial means of warming (hot water bottles, heated bricks, heated sand) should not ordinarily be used. Artificial heat may cause loss of body fluids (by sweating) and it brings the blood closer to the surface, thus defeating the body’s own efforts to supply blood to the vital organs and to the brain. Also, the warming agent may burn the victim. Burns The seriousness of a burn depends on two factors: the extent of the burned area and the depth of the burn. Shock can be expected from burns involving 15 percent or more of the body. Burns involving 20 percent endanger life. Without adequate treatment, burns of over 30 percent are usually fatal. The depth of the injury determines whether it is a first, second, or third degree burn. First degree burns are mildest. Symptoms are slight pain, redness, tenderness, and increased temperature of the affected area. Second degree burns are more serious. The inner skin may be damaged, resulting in blistering, severe pain, some dehydration, and possible shock. Third degree burns are worst of all. The skin is destroyed, and possibly also the tissue and muscle beneath it. The skin may be charred, or it may be white and lifeless (from scalds). After the initial injury, pain may be less severe because of destroyed nerve ends. The person may have chills. Some form of shock will result. Probably the most important aspect is the extent of the burned area. A first degree burn covering a large area could be more serious than a small third degree burn. A sunburn, for example, ranging from mild to serious, is easily obtained, particularly if you are not accustomed to the exposure. If you were to fall asleep while sunbathing, second degree burns, or even third degree burns of a possibly fatal nature, could result. The most effective immediate treatment of burns and of pain is to immerse the burned area in cold water or to apply cold compresses if immersion is impracticable. Cold water not only minimizes pain, but also reduces the burning effect in the deeper layers of the skin. Gently pat dry the area with lint-free cloth or gauze. Aspirin is also effective for the relief of pain. Continue treatment until no pain is felt when the burned area is exposed to the air. 1-16 Burn victims require large amounts of water, which should be slightly salted. Because of the nature of the injury, most burns are sterile. The best treatment for uninfected burns, therefore, is merely to protect the area by covering it with the cleanest (preferably sterile) dressing available. Never apply ointments to a burn nor use petrolatum gauze. Do not attempt to break blisters or to remove shreds of tissue or adhered particles of charred clothing. Never apply a greasy substance (butter, lard, or petroleum jelly), antiseptic preparations, or ointments. These may cause further complications and interfere with later treatment by medical personnel. Heatstroke Sunstroke is more accurately called heatstroke since a person does not have to be exposed to the sun for this condition to develop. It is a less common but far more serious condition than heat exhaustion, since it carries a 20 percent fatality rate. The main feature of heatstroke is the extremely high body temperature, 105° F (41° C) or higher, that accompanies it. In heatstroke, the victim has a breakdown of the sweating mechanism and is unable to eliminate excessive body heat built up while exercising. If the body temperature rises too high, the brain, kidneys, and liver may be permanently damaged. Sometimes the victim may have preliminary symptoms, such as headache, nausea, dizziness, or weakness. Breathing will be deep and rapid at first, later shallow and almost absent. Usually the victim will be flushed, very dry, and very hot. The pupils will be constricted (pinpoint) and the pulse fast and strong. Figure 1-10 compares these symptoms with those of heat exhaustion. HEAT EXHAUSTION 1. MOIST & CLAMMYSKIN 2. PUPILS DILATED 3. NORMAL OR SUBNORMAL TEMPERATURE HEATSTROKE 1. DRY HOT SKIN 2. PUPILS CONSTRICTED 3. VERY HIGH BODY TEMP- ERATURE Figure 1-10. — Symptoms of heatstroke and heat exhaustion. When you provide first aid for heatstroke, remember that this is a true life-and-death emergency. The longer the victim remains overheated, the higher the chances of irreversible body damage or even death occurring. First aid treatment for heatstroke is designed to reduce body heat. Reduce body heat immediately by dousing the body with cold water, or applying wet, cold towels to the whole body. Move the victim to the coolest possible place and remove as much clothing as possible. Maintain an open airway. Place the victim on his/her back, with the head and shoulders slightly raised. If cold packs are available, place them under the arms, around the neck, at the ankles, and in the groin. Expose the victim to a fan or air-conditioner since drafts will promote cooling. Immersing the victim in a cold water bath is also effective. Give the victim (if conscious) cool water to drink. Do not give any hot 1-17 drinks or stimulants. Get the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible. Cooling measures must be continued while the victim is being transported. Heat Exhaustion Heat exhaustion (heat prostration or heat collapse) is the most common condition caused by working or exercising in hot spaces. Heat exhaustion produces a serious disruption of blood flow to the brain, heart, and lungs. This causes the victim to experience weakness, dizziness, headache, loss of appetite, and nausea. Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion are similar to those of shock: the victim will appear ashen gray; the skin will be cold, moist, and clammy; and the pupils of the eyes may be dilated (enlarged). The vital (blood pressure, temperature, pulse, and respiration) signs usually are normal; however, the victim may have a weak pulse together with rapid and shallow breathing. Body temperature may be below normal. You should treat heat exhaustion victims as if they were in shock. Loosen the clothing, apply cool wet cloths, move the victim to either a cool or an air-conditioned area, and fan the victim. Do not allow the person to become chilled. If the victim is conscious, administer a solution of 1 teaspoon of salt dissolved in a quart of cool water. If the victim vomits, do not give any more fluids. Transport the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible. HELPFUL INFORMATION The second part of this handbook has been compiled to provide the technician with a collection of helpful information. Included are many commonly used formulas, data tables, and general maintenance hints used in, with, and around electricity. BASIC ELECTRICAL FORMULAS Basic electrical formulas are included to aid you in solving electrical problems. These formulas are for capacitance, current, inductance, power, reactance, impedance, resistance, voltage, and transformers. Additional formulas can be found in the appropriate NEETS module. Capacitance The property of an electrical device to store energy is CAPACITANCE. This energy is stored in a way to oppose a change in voltage. A CAPACITOR is used to store this electrical energy. The FARAD is the basic unit of measurement of capacitance. Formulas for capacitance: C 0 E 1-18 C = capacitance in farads Q = coulombs (a unit of charge equal to 6. 28 x 10 18 electrons) E = volts C = 0. 2249 (kA) d A = area of one plate, in square inches C = capacitance in picofar ads d = distance between the plates in inches k = dielectric constant of the insulating material 0. 2249 is a constant resulting from conversion from metric to British units Common insulating materials for capacitors and their dielectric constant are: MATERIAL CONSTANT Vacuum 1.0000 Air 1.0006 Paraffin paper 3.5 Glass 5 to 10 Mica 3 to 6 Rubber 2.5 to 35 Wood 2.5 to 8 Glycerine ( 1 5° C) 56 Petroleum 2 Pure Water 81 The time to charge a capacitor to 63.2 percent of applied voltage or discharge it to 36.8 percent of its initial voltage is known as the TIME CONSTANT (t) of the circuit. Figure 1-1 1 shows an RC time constant chart. One time constant (t) in seconds equals R x C, with R in ohms and C in farads. 1-19 Figure 1-12 is a universal time constant chart for RC and LR circuits. One time constant (t) in seconds equals R x C, with R in ohms and C in farads, or L/R with L in henries and R in ohms. 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 TIME IN TIME CONSTANTS Figure 1-12. — Universal time constant chart for RC and LR circuits. Adding capacitors in series: 1-20 If only two capacitors are used: _C l xC 2 T — Ci + C 2 If more than two capacitors are used: Ct = -Till 1 + + . . . + Cl C 2 c 3 c n Adding capacitors in parallel: C T = C 1 + C 2 +C 3 +. . . +C„ CAUTION Capacitors retain an electrical charge. Be sure to discharge all capacitors and circuits containing capacitors before working on them. A more detailed description of capacitors and capacitance can be found in NEETS, Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers. Current Electrons (negative charges) move through a conductor when an electric field is applied. Electron current is defined as the directed flow of electrons from negative to positive. Current is measured in AMPERES (AMP). One amp of current flows when one coulomb (6.28 x 18 10 electrons) passes a point in one second. The Ohm's law formulas for current are: R I = current in amps E = voltage in volts R = resistance in ohms I = P = power in watts i .1 E 1-21 Ac current formulas are: Average current I» 9 = 0.636 x I max Effective current •etf = 0 ' 707 x •max Maximum current = 1 . 414 x I max Ohm's law eft ^ eft avg _ E eff R E avg R max max R Ohm's law for reactive circuits: T E T E I = — or I = X L X Ohm's law for circuits containing resistance and reactance: i-- z Current across the primary (I p ) of a transformer: , _ E S I S E„ Current across the secondary (I s ): I< = EJ P'P NOTE Human reaction to electrical shock is determined by the amount of current flowing through the body. A 100-milliampere shock for 1 second is usually fatal! More information about current can be found in NEETS, Module 1 , Introduction to Matter, Energy, and Direct Current. 1-22 Inductance Inductance is the characteristic of an electrical conductor that opposes a change in electrical current. The symbol for inductance is L and the basic unit of measurement is the HENRY(H). An inductor has an inductance of 1 henry if an electromotive force (emf) of 1 volt is induced in the inductor when the current through the inductor is changing at the rate of one ampere per second. Mathematically: At induced voltage inductance in henrys change in current in amperes change in time in seconds Mutual inductance: E ind = E rnd “ L = AI = At = M = K,/L^~T M = mutual inductance in henrys K= coefficient of coupling LjL 2 = inductance of coils in henrys Series inductors without magnetic coupling: L T =L 1 + L 2+ L 3 ... +L n Lf = total inductance in henrys Lj, L 2 , L 3 = inductance of each inductor L n = any number of additional inductors (Ljp L5, and so forth) that could be used Series inductors with magnetic coupling: L T =Li + L 2 ± 2 m M = mutual inductance between two inductors; plus sign is used when the magnetic fields of two inductors aid each other and minus when they oppose. 1-23 Parallel inductors without coupling: 1111 1 = — + — + — , , , + L t L 2 L 3 Ln Provided the coefficient of coupling between inductors is zero. Resistive/inductive circuit: The time required for the current in an inductor to increase to 63.2 percent of its final value or decrease to 36.8 percent is known as the time constant. Mathematically expressed: R t = seconds L =henrys R = ohms Figure 1-13 shows an L/R time constant chart. Figure 1-13. — L/R time constant. You may want to refer back to figure 1-12, which shows the L/R relationship using the universal time constant chart. 1-24 Inductive reactance: X L =2%fL X L = reactance in ohms x = 3. 1416 f = frequency in hertz L = inductance in henrys Ohm's law for reactive circuit: You can find more information about inductance in NEETS, Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers. Power Electrical POWER pertains to the rate at which work is being done. Work is done whenever a force causes motion. The instantaneous rate at which work is done is called the electric power rate and is measured in WATTS. Formulas for power in dc circuits are: P =1 E p = i 2 r E 2 For ac circuits: True power: P = 0e) 2 R True power is measured in watts. 1-25 1 5 = resistive current, in amperes. R = resistance in ohms. Reactive power: 0=d x ) 2 X Reactive power is measured in voll-amperes - reactive. I x = reactive current in amps. X = total reactance in ohms. Another way to calculate reactive power is: Reaction power: Q=(i L ) 2 x L or 0 = dc) 2 X c Subtract the smaller from the larger: 1 1 ~ = capacitive current in amperes Xc = capacitive reactance in ohms I L = inductive current in amperes X L = inductive reactance in ohms -dcfXc -(■lAh Apparent power: 1-26 s=(Iz) 2 Z Apparent power is measured in volt - amperes (V A). I 2 = impedance current in amperes Z = impedance in ohms or S = (true power) 2 + (reactive power) 2 Power factor (cos 0) : true power COS 0 apparent power or cos© = (Ir) 2 R a z ) 2 z or in a senes circuit : cos© = — cos© is represented as a decimal or percentage. You can find more detailed information about power in NEETS, Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers. Reactance REACTANCE is the result of the difference between the values of Xc (capacitive reactance) and X L (inductive reactance). Reactance is represented by the letter X and its basic measurement is in ohms. The formula for reactance is: X = X L -X C or X=X C - X L If you want more detailed information on reactance, look in NEETS, Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers. Impedance IMPEDANCE is the combined opposition of current flow by reactance and resistance and is represented by the symbol Z. Formulas for finding impedance: 1-27 Resistance z=Jr 2 +(x l -x c ) 2 or Z = Jr 2 +(X c -X l ) 2 or z=^r 2 +x 2 RESISTANCE is the opposition to current flow. It is measured in ohms and is represented by the letter R. Formulas for resistance: R R R Voltage VOLTAGE exists when a charge exists between two bodies. When a one coulomb charge exists, one unit of electrical potential energy is created. This is called a difference of potential, an electromotive force, or a voltage. It is measured in volts and represented by the letter E. Formulas for voltage: E = IR E = VPR Formulas for ac circuits : (Average voltage) (E wg = 0. 636 x E msx ) (Effective voltage) E eff = 0 ■ 707 x E max (Maximum voltage) E mac =1 - 414 x E eff 1-28 Voltage across the primary of a transformer: E s N p N s Voltage across the secondary of a transformer: E S EpNs N p Transformers A TRANSFORMER is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction (transformer action). Voltage induced into the secondary from the primary is determined by the turns ratio. Turns ratio formula: E p N s =E s N p transpo sing: Where: E s = voltage induced in the secondary E p = voltage applied to the primary N 5 = number of turns in the secondary N p = ampere -turns in the secondary winding Turns and current ratios: IpN p =I S N s IpNp = ampere -turns in the primary winding I S N S = ampere -turns in the secondary winding By dividing both sides of the equation by I P N S , you obtain: 1-29 Since: Np N; E N Then: And: Ep V i 2 T5 E S M s E p _ h Es ip Where: E p = voltage applied to the primary in volts E; = voltage across the secondary in volts I p = current in the primary in amperes I s = current in the secondary in amperes Transformer power: Ps=P p -Pl P s = power delivered to the load by the secondary P p = power delivered to the primary by the source P L = power losses in the transformer Transformer efficiency : P Efficiency in (%) = — ^-xlOO Where: P 0 = total output power delivered to the load P t = total input power Impedance matching transformers : 1-30 WARNING Transformers are often used to STEP-UP voltage. You may find a low voltage across the primary and a much higher voltage across the secondary. Use extreme caution, especially when working around television and other crt high voltage transformers. They often step voltages up to, or in excess of, 30,000 volts. BASIC ELECTRONICS FORMULAS Basic electronics formulas are included to aid you in solving any electronics problem that you may encounter. These formulas are for antennas, resonance, transistors, vacuum tubes, wavelength, and radar. Additional formulas may be found in the appropriate NEETS module. Antennas An antenna is a conductor or a group of conductors used either for radiating electromagnetic energy into space or collecting it from space or both. Antenna gain remains the same for the antenna whether it is transmitting or receiving. Antenna gain (G) can be described as the effectiveness of a directional antenna in a particular direction, compared to a standard or reference antenna. Some antenna formulas are shown below: Gain formula : G= KD K = radiation efficiency factor (K < 1) D = directivity Effective aperture: W = power delivered to a matched load P = power density Also : X2G 4 % A = wavelength (covered in depth later in this section) G = gam 1-31 Directivity of an antenna : D = ^ U 0 U m = maximum radiation intensity U 0 = average radiation intensity Also: p U m w / 4 * W W = total power radiated Field strength: 5870P D E = field intensity in millivolts P = transmitter power in watts D= distance in miles Antenna length (L) : (Half-wave up to 30 megahertz) 492 x 0. 95 468 L(feet)= f(MH s ) f(MH z (Half-wave above 30 megahertz) L(feet) = 492 x . 94 462 f(MH 2 ) f(MH 2 5540 Ujnches) = f(MH WARNING Rf voltages may be induced in ungrounded metal objects such as wire guys, wire cables (haw sers), handrails, or ladders. You could receive a shock or rf burn if you come in contact with these objects. Obtain proper permission prior to going topside or "working aloft." Rf burns are usually deep, penetrating, and third degree. They must heal from the inside out. If you are burned, seek medical attention. A person in an RF field will usually have a body temperature rise. The eyes and reproductive organs are especially susceptible to RF energy. Read and heed all w arning signs! You can find more information about antennas in NEETS, Module 10, Introduction to Wave Propagation , Transmission Lines , and Antennas. 1-32 Resonance RESONANCE is a condition that exists in a circuit when inductance, capacitance, and the applied frequency are such that inductive reactance and capacitive reactance cancel each other. Formula for resonant frequency (f r ): 2%-JlC Where : fr = resonant frequency in hertz L = inductance in henrys C= capacitance in farads x (pi) = 3. 1416 NOTE: The formula for resonance is the same for series or parallel circuits when X L = X c . Transistors Semiconductor devices that have three or more elements are called TRANSISTORS. The term is derived from TRANSfer and resISTOR. This term describes the operation of the transistor — the transfer of an input signal current from a low-resistance circuit to a high-resistance circuit. Some transistor formulas are shown below. Transistor total current: 1-33 Ie _i b +i c Where : I E = emitter current Ig = base current I C = collector current Common emitter gain: Where Beta (£)or h fe = Ale AI b hfe = h = hybrid f = forward current ratio e = common emitter configuration A = delta (indicates a change) Common base gain: Alpha (a) = or When 0 is known: a = 0 + 1 Alpha is always less than 1 for a common base configuration. Common collector gain: h Gamma or y = B When beta is known then : r=0 + l TRANSISTOR RUGGEDNESS. — Transistors are generally more rugged mechanically than electron tubes. They are susceptible to damage by electrical overloads, heat, humidity, and radiation. Unless you are careful, damage can occur during maintenance. DAMAGE PREVENTION. — To prevent damage and avoid electrical shock, use the following precautions when working on transistorized equipment: • Check your test equipment and soldering irons for leakage current from the power source. If leakage current exists, use an isolation transformer to eliminate the current. 1-34 • Connect a ground between the test equipment and circuit under test. • Do not exceed the maximum allowable voltages for circuit components and transistors. • Ohmmeter ranges that require more than one milliampere should not be used for testing transistors. • Battery eliminators should not be used to furnish power for transistorized equipment. They have poor voltage regulation. • The heat applied to a transistor, when soldered connections are required, should be kept to a minimum by the use of low-wattage soldering irons and heat shunts or heat sinks. • When replacing transistors, never pry them from the printed circuit board. • Check all circuits for defects before replacing transistors. • Remove power from the equipment prior to replacing a transistor. • Use extreme care when using test probes on a transistorized circuit. It is easy to short across adjacent terminals with conventional probes. Try insulating the probe tips and leaving a very short section of the point exposed. You can find more about transistors in NEETS, Module 7, Introduction to Solid-State Devices and Power Supplies. V acuum Tubes The characteristics of a vacuum tube are measured by two factors: AMPLIFICATION FACTOR, mu (p), and TRANSCONDUCTANCE (gm). Formula for amplification factor: AE p E p = change in plate voltage E g = change in .grid voltage Formula for transconductance (gin) is: '"9 I p = change in plate current Eg = change in grid voltage Information on vacuum tubes can be found in NEETS, Module 6, Introduction to Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies. 1-35 CAUTION Because vacuum tubes become hot and most are made of glass, use caution while removing or replacing them. Use vacuum tube pullers or at least wear some type of hand protection. Wavelength Wavelength is the distance in space occupied by one cycle of a radio wave at any given instant. If a radio wave could be frozen in time and measured, the distance from the leading edge of one cycle to the leading edge of the next cycle would be the wavelength. Wavelength varies from a few hundredths of an inch at the high frequencies to many miles at extremely low frequencies. Common practice is to express wavelength in meters. The Greek letter lambda (X) is used to signify wavelength. Formulas for wavelength, period, and velocity are shown below. Wavelength formula: Lambda (X) = wavelength in feet v = velocity of propagation in feet per second f = frequency in Hz Frequency formula: T T = time of one wave period (cycle) in seconds f = frequency in Hz Period formula : V elocity formula : v = Xf You can find more information on wavelength, frequency, period, and velocity in NEETS, Module 10, Introduction to Wave Propagation , Transmission Lines , and Antennas. 1-36 Radar Some helpful radar information/formulas are shown below. PW Pulse Width — The width of the transmitted RF pulse from the radar (the term can also be used regarding other non-RF information). PW = DC X PRT PRT Pulse Repetition Time — The duration of the time between radar transmitter pulses (leading edge of pulse to leading edge of the next pulse). PRT = PRF PRR or PRF Pulse Repetition Rate or Pulse Repetition Frequency — the PRF number of pulses that occur during one second. 1 PRF = — — PRT DC Duty Cycle — The amount of actual transmitter pulse time (PW) divided by the amount of transmitter total time (PRT). For radar applications, the duty cycle will always be less than one. PRT P Pk Power Peak (normally referenced in kilowatts) — The actual power of the transmitted RF pulse (PW). DC P avg Average Power (normally referenced in watts) — The transmitted power relative to one PRT. 1-37 P wg = DC x PpV >T . _ . .. elapsed time Nautical radar mile = 12 . 36 microseconds Minimum radar range = (pulse width + Recovery time) x 164 yards *In most modern radar systems, recovery time is negligible and does not need to be considered when figuring minimum radar range. Radar horizon distance (nautical miles) = 1 . 25^/anterma height (ft) Radar range resolution (in yards) = pulse width x 164 yards per microsecond. When you use the term decibel (dB), you are referring to a logarithmic comparison between two signals, usually the output and the input. In power measurement applications, however, a reference of 0 dBm equalling 1 milliwatt is usually used. The term dBm is used to represent power levels above, below, or at 1 milliwatt. The following formulas are used for figuring dB: As a power ratio: dB-lOlogi,^ As a voltage ratio : dB = 20 log id h l As a current ratio : dB = 20 log ig ■4 In circuits where impedances may vary: Voltage dB = 20 log 10 h l K 2 Current dB= 20 l:g ic ^ ■lK, Some basic information to remember: 1-38 Power A gam of 1 dB power is equal to 1 . 25 x that power A gam of 3 dB power is equal to 2. 00 x that power A gam of 10 dB power is equal to 10. 0 x that power A gam of 1 dB power is equal to 0. 80 x that power A loss of 3 dB power is equal to 0. 50 x that power A loss of 10 dB power is equal to 0. 10 x that power V oltage A gam of 1 dB is equal to 1. 118 x that voltage A gam of 6 dB is equal to 2. 000 x that voltage A gam of 20 dB is equal to 10, 00 x that voltage A loss of 1 dB is equal to 0. 894 x that voltage A loss of 6 dB is equal to 0. 500 x that voltage A loss of 20 dB is equal to 0, 100 x that voltage POWER CONVERSION For ease of power conversion, this listing provides rough, basic data: 1-39 Log or dB Gain or mw 11 12.5 10 10 9 8 8 6.25 7 5 6 4 5 3.125 4 2.5 3 2 2 1.6 1 1.25 0 1 -1 0.8 -2 0.625 -3 0.5 -4 0.4 -5 0.312 -6 0.25 -7 0.2 -8 0.16 -9 0.125 -10 0.1 -11 0.08 The figures in the above listing are not precise, but are accurate for most applications. For figures in between the above numbers, logarithm interpolation must be done. Table 1-34 provides a seven-place table of common logarithms. The following are examples of power conversion: Example 1: Convert 56 dBm to watts 5 6 dBm (m = referenced to 1 mw) 6 dBm = 4 mw ► 5 = mantis s a or exponent = 10 5 = 4mW x 10 5 = 4 W x io 2 = 400 watts 1-40 Example 2: Convert - 52 dBrn to ^.w (microwatts) -5 2 dBm - 2 dBm = . 625 mw *- 5 = mantissa or exponent = 10 ' 5 = . 625 mw 10 ' 5 = , 625 fi w x 10 ' 2 = . 00625 fi w Example 3: Convert 80 lew to dBm 8 x/lO 7 mw 79 dbm 8 mw =9 dB Convert 5 jlw to dBm 5 x j lO ^ mw 5 mw = 7 dBm DATA TABLES Data tables are provided for reference. Information in the tables are the usually accepted standards. Various military standards have also been used to provide these tables. Capacitor Identification Two methods of capacitor identification are used. The first is the typographical method, and the second is the color code method. Typographically marked identification will be discussed first. It is the type marking where a number is printed on the capacitor. You should note that on different physical styles of capacitors, the printed number may be in either microfarads or picofarads. Two styles of capacitors have been selected from Military Standard 198E (MIL-STD-198E) to show how the part number stamped on the capacitor is broken down. Table 1-1 shows the CB style of capacitor part number breakdown. 1-41 Table 1-1. — CB Style Capacitor Part Number Breakdown CKO R B 060 K STYLE - The two-letter ^mbd "CE‘ id entires button-style mca-dietectriq Tked ccpccia^ it ie tw o-dafr number ictentitig the shape d in ere b ns. and operating temperature range TERMNAL reSEMEiY - The shgfe-tetta symbol identifies the terrnnd asemby cb fdfcws: 1 tymbd 1 Teimlnal a-wembk- 1 1 1 1 1 p - - -| State L 1 1 R -- - - , Dcub& l 1 1 c Hftiw. O' ER kt ic - The singe later symbol identities trie reotiresratity or the ccpadfrcf with tempercfure change ce to I aw: symbol B - - - D - - - E - - - F - - - Temperature co ancient IPF'-rq Not specified - 100 to +100 -20 to +100 - 60 TO +100 cap oof a nee dirt Not spec-fried 0.3ft. or 0.3 pR whichever & greatei ± p.1% +0.1 pfl ± p.1% 40.1 CftflacnANCE - The tnreecjgrt number ictenritia me nominal capacfrcrce '/due ^pressed in picofarad |pf|; tne fist two cigls represent significant figures and the lest digit speefies the numb a of z eras to follow. CW^CITWCE TOLERANCE - The singe later symbol identfres the capacitance tolerance cs Tolars: | Percent | ±1 1 F - • • l i G - - • 2 J - • • & 1 K - - - 10 | 1-42 Table 1-2 shows how the part number on the CMR style of capacitor is broken down Table 1-2. — CMR Style Capacitor Part Number Breakdown c-m os STYLE - Tbs mree-l after eynrbd 'Ck«" Ida-fine* efitaidlehed realty. rrfca dtelecfilc. fDced cape d tore; ere tvo-djjt number loennnes me shape aid dirreneione cr tne capac tor. G- 1R0 character btc - to dntfe-ietter e^iibd iracates ire raarre etaairy a ire espaator oltJi tempera tire change a* foloue: & Q C H SyTTi CO 1 16 m pe rati re coemofeit c^jaoiQice ornt DDmrc 0 -200 to + 20 D ±iD.51 +0.1 pF) E -20 to +im ± + D.1 p F) F □ ti +70 ±1005% +0.1 pF) GAFACTTWCg - The Uves-dl^t nurfcsr Idenflflee me noirlraJ capadtance value, e-preeeed In picofarad* Where the norrfrcl cepadtance le IQ or greater me fra two digits represent sjjrii'ica't ngjree arid die last dgi epecriee to runt*’ or zeros to roiov for exa-rgde: 10 ' + IfCC BATH> VOLTAGE - The eh a e- later eyrctrt I denude* me rated vdtags: a* follow*: Symbol R3td UOfta<£ Vote, ds V so a im c 3m d 5m FAILURE RATE UEVB. - The eUtfe-tetter eyrrbd Iterfirte* me f^Ure rate levd a* follow: Symbol Fallie at feirel & 1 ADO ID M 1.0 P 0.1 R 0.01 s o.mi Table 1-3 is a partial cross reference list of the CYR10 (MIL-C-23269/1) style of capacitor. As an example, if you need a 3.3 pF, 500 VDC capacitor in the CYR10 style, with a failure rate (FR) of 1 percent per 1,000 hours, the part number would be M23269/0 1-3009. 1-43 Table 1-3. — CYR10 Style Capacitor Cross-Reference STifJ-E CVK10 (MIL -C -23269/1) OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE' -55 fc TO +125“C — TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT IW ± 25 PPM/ & C - CAPACITANCE DRIFT 0, 1% OR fl.l (T, WHIC HE’/Eft IS ORE A TER C^pjLCi Lance vfelne EC rdted voltage Capacity nC£ Eash number M2 3 2 69/01- i m i mi i > iii ■ i ii i | n~nw i M {1.0) KO.IJ S (O.OQ1J EF volta. dc. 0 5 5€D ±0-2 r, P F 3031 4001 500] 5001 1C j i aO.35 pF 4 D02 5002 6002 1.5 a i ±0.25 pF SODS 400? 5003 50D3 2 . Z iD-2? pF 3034 4004 5004 2 7 ±0,$S pF mmmm 4006 5006 500€ 3-3 . . *0.25 pF 4009 &00ft 600 9 3.9 4010 5010 $010 3.9 aO.25 pF 3012 4012 5012 t»OI2 4.T ■»0,2S pF 4015 5019 5015 5.5 90.25 pF 3017 4017 5017 60 n 5.5 *5% 3QL& 4015 50LS SQ1B «.B *0.25 pF 3021 4021 5021 5021 6, B ±5% 3C22 4022 50? Z $032 S.l i f *: l Ceramic 1 1 1 X 1 y. 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 1 1 1 MILC-62 Alum iriurn 1 1 l X l i X 1 1 1 1 1 1 MILC-8 1 — - i Cacirnic Trimmer 1 1 X l l X i 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 MIL-C-I 0950 — 1 i Mica l i i X i X i i X 1 1 x i i l MIL-C-1 1 01 5 - 1 i Ceamic l X 1 i X i y i i 1 1 i i l MIL-C-I 440° — 1 , Piston Trimmer 1 i l l l 1 X i i x 1 1 1 MIL-C-I 9978 — 1 S | PlCftiC 1 x 1 X 1 X 1 y 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 1 MIL-C-23183 Vacuum 1 X I 1 X 1 y 1 X 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 MIL-C-23269 - 1 S 1 Clcs | X 1 | X | y | | X | | | | | MIL-C-39001 — 1 X 1 Mica X 1 X X X X X 1 * MIL-C-1 POOS I >: ScJid Icrfaum X | X y. X 1 X MIL-C-1 9006 1 >: Wei Tantdum x - X X X MIL-C-1 931 4 1 S 1 Ceram ic X y. X MIL-C-1 931 8 1 * , Aluminum X X y X MIL-C-1 902 2 1 s Met. Plcstic X X y. X MIL-C-55166 1 s Sdid FcntaLim, X y. X Chip MIL-C-5551 4 — 1 X Plctlic 1 X 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MIL-C-5568 1 — - * 1 C ecn ic, Chip 1 1 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 1 MIL-C-B3421 X 1 Met. Plcstic 1 1 X 1 1 X 1 1 X 1 1 y 1 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Table 1-5 is a capacitor style to military specification cross referencing. This cross reference guide is included for general information only; some styles are not preferred standards and, therefore, are not included in this standard. Table 1-5. — Style to Military Specification Cross-Reference STYLE SPECIFICATION DESCRIPTION CLASS STATUS REPLACEMENT CA MIL-C 12889 Paper, By-Pass Non-ER I 19978 CB 10950 Mica, Button, Feed-Thru Non-ER A CC 20 Ceramic, Encap., Temp. Comp. Non-ER PI CCR CCR 20 Ceramic, Encap., Temp. Comp. ER A CDR 55681 Ceramic, Chip ER A CE 62 Aluminum Electrolytic Non-ER PI 39018 CFR 55514 Plastic, Non-Herm. Sealed ER A CG 23183 Vacuum or Gas, Variable Non-ER A CH 18312 Metallized Paper, or Plastic Non-ER 1 39022 CHR 39022 Metallized Plastic, Herm. Sealed ER A CJ 3871 Aluminum, Motor Start Non-ER C EIA RS-463 39014 CK 11015 Ceramic, Encapsulated Non-ER PI CKR 39014 Ceramic, Encapsulated ER A CKS 123 Ceramic, Encapsulated and Chip Hi-Rel A CL 3965 Tantalum, Foil and Wet Slug Non-ER I 39006 CLR 39006 Tantalum, Foil and Wet Slug ER A CM 5 Mica, Molded, Silvered, and RF Non-ER PI 39001 1-48 Table 1-5. — Style to Military Specification Cross-Reference. — Continued STYLE CMR SPECIFICATION 39001 DESCRIPTION Mica, Silvered CLASS ER STATUS A REPLACEMENT CMS 87164 Mica, Silvered Hi-Rel A CN 91 Paper, Non-Metal Cases Non-ER C 55514 CP 25 Paper, Herm. Sealed Non-ER I 19978 CPV 14157 Paper or Plastic, Herm. Sealed Non-ER C 19978 CQ 19978 Paper or Plastic, Herm. Scaled Non-ER I CQR CQR 19978 Paper or Plastic, Herm. Sealed ER A CRH 83421 Metallized Plastic, Herm. Sealed ER A CRL 83500 Tantalum, Wet Slug Non-ER A cs 26655 Tantalum, Solid, Herm. Sealed Non-ER C 39003 CSR 39003 Tantalum, Solid, Herm. Sealed ER A CSS 39003 Tantalum, Solid, Herm. Sealed Hi-Rel A CT 92 Air, Variable Non-ER A CTM 27287 Plastic, Non-Metal Case Non-ER I 55514 CU 39018 Aluminum Electrolytic Non-ER PI CUR CUR 39018 Aluminum Electroyltic ER A CV 81 Ceramic, Variable Non-ER A CWR 55365 Tantalum, Solid, Chip ER A CX 49137 Tantalum, Solid, Non- Hcrm. Scaled Non-ER A CY 11272 Glass Non-ER I 23269 CYR 23269 Glass Non-ER A CZ 11693 Metallized Paper or Plastic F.T. Non-ER I CZR CZR 11693 Metallized Paper or Plastic F.T. ER A PC 14409 Piston Trimmer Non-ER A A = Active for design ER = Extended reliability C = Canceled NON-ER = Not extended reliability I = Inactive for design HI-REL = High reliability PI = Partially Inactive for design Military Standard 198E (MIL-STD-198E) contains information concerning capacitors and should be helpful in selecting any replacement. Resistor Identification This section contains information that will aid you in identifying the specifications indicated on resistors. 1-49 CD 1st Dicrr © 2ND DIGIT ® MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE [PERCENT] ill - H ' ■ 1 ill COLOR 1ST DIGIT 2ND DiGrr MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE [PERCENT] BLACK 0 1 BROWN 1 10 RED 2 2 100 ORANGE 3 3 1,000 YELLOW 10.000 GREEN 100,000 BLUE 1,000,000 VIOLET T 10,000,000 GRAY S 6 100,000.000 WHITE 9 3 1,000,000,000 GOLD .1 5 SILVER .01 10 NO COLOR 20 RESISTORS FOR MILITARY USE MAY HAVE A FIFTH HAND TO INDICATE RELIABILITY IN TERMS OF FAILURE RATE. AS FOLLOWS; NO COLOR: NO TEST MADE BROWN : 1.0 PERCENT PER 1000 HOURS RED : 0.1 PERCENT PER 1000 HOURS ORANGE : 0.01 PERCENT PER 1000 HOURS YELLOW : 0.001 PERCENT PER 1000 HOURS Figure 1-18. — Resistor color code. Table 1-6 is a resistor selection chart. As an example, let's suppose you need a 1-watt, composition resistor. Look under the "type" heading to find composition. Then look under the "power and max voltage ratings" headings to find 1 W/500V. The style you select should be RCR32. This is the first part of the part number. To find the last part of the desired part number, the ohmic value, refer to table 1-7, the resistor type designation part number breakdown. Tables 1-6 and 1-7 are excerpts from Military Standard 199C(MIL-STD-199C) and are included as examples of the information contained in M1L-STD-199C. If another type of resistor is needed, the complete part number breakdown can be located in MIL-STD-199C. 1-50 Table 1-6. — Resistor Selection Chart Military specification Type Styles available in standard Power and max voltage ratings Resistance tolerance (+ percent) Ohmic range MIL-R-26 Wirewound (Power RW29 11W 5, 10 .1 to 5.6 K Type) RW3 1 14W .1 to 6.8 K RW33 26W .1 to 18 K RW35 55W . 1 to 43 K RW37 1 13W .1 to 91 K RW38 159 V .1 to. 15 M RW47 2 10W .1 to. 18 M RW56 14W .1 to 9.1 K MIL-R-22684 Film (Insulated) RL42. . .TX 2W/500V 2,5 10 to 1.5 M MIL-R-18546 Wirewound (Power RE77 75 W 1 .05 to 29.4 K Type, RE80 120W 1 .1 to 35.7 K Chassis Mounted) MIL-R-39008 Composition RCR05 . 125 W/ 150 V 5, 10 2.7 to 22 M (Insulated), Established RCR07 .25W/250V 2.7 to 22 M Reliability RCR20 .5W/350V 1.0 to 22 M RCR32 1W/500V 1.0 to 22 M RCR42 2W/500V 10 to 22 M MIL-R-55182 Film, Established RNR50 .05W/200V -1,-5, 1 10 to. 796 M Reliability . 1 W/200V RNR55 . 1 W/200V 10 to 2.0 M .1 25/200 V RNR60 . 125W/250V 1.0 to 4.02 M .25W/300V RNR65 .25W/300V 1.0 to 8.06 M .5W/350V RNR70 .5W/350V 1.0 to 15 M .75W/500V RNR75 1W/750V 24.9 to 2 M 2W/750V RNC90 .3W/300V 6W/300V .05, .01, .005 4.99 to 100K 1/ M = megohms; K = kilohms. 1-51 Table 1-6. — Resistor Selection Chart — Continued Military specification Type Styles available in standard Power and max voltage ratings Resistance tolerance (+ percent) Ohmic range MlL-R-39005 Wirewound (Accurate), RBR52 .5W/600V .01, .05, .1, 1 .1 to. 806 M Established Reliability RBR53 .33W/300V . 1 to. 499 M RBR54 .25W/300V .1 to. 255 M RBR55 . 1 5W/200V .1 to. 150 M RBR56 . 125W/150V .1 to. 1 M RBR57 .75W/600V .1 to 1.37 M RBR71 .125W/150V .1 to. 1 M RRBR75 . 125W/150V .1 to 71.5 K M1L-R-39007 Wirewound (Power RWR78 10W • 1- -5, .1 to 39.2 K Type), Established RWR80 2W .1 to 1.21 K Reliability RWR81 1W . 1 to.464 K RWRB2 1.5W .1 to. 93 1 K RWR84 7W .1 to 12.4 K RWR89 3W .1 to 3.57 K M1L-R-3901 7 Film (Insulated), RLR05 . 125W/200V 1,2 4.7 to. 3 M Established Reliability RLR07 .25W/250V 10 to 2.49 M RLR20 .5W/350V 4.3 to 3.01 M RLR32 1W/500V 10 to 1.0 M MIL-R-39009 Wirewound (Power RER40 5W 1 I to 1.65 K Type, Chassis RER45 low 1 to 2.80 K Mounted), Established RER50 20W 1 to 6.04 K Reliability RER55 30W 1 to 19.6 K RER60 5W .1 to 3.32 K RER65 low .1 to 5.62 K RER70 20W .1 to 12. IK RER75 30W .1 to 39.2 K M1L-R-55342 Film, Chip, Established RM0502 .02W/40V 1.5, 10 5.6 to .1 M Reliability RM0505 . 15W/40V 5.6 to .47 M RM0705 . 10W/40V 5.6 to. 1 M RM 1005 . 15W/40V 5.6 to .47 M RM 1505 . 10W/50V 5.6 to. 1 M RM2208 .225W/50V 5.6 to 15 M \J M = megohms; K = kilohms. 1-52 Table 1-7. — Resistor Type Designation Part Number Breakdown RCRQ7 G 470 J HI •STYLE: The Ihree- teller symbol "RCR" ids riffles estab lished reliability. insulated, L compos-Hton. fixed resistors; Ihe 1 no -dial number identifies Ihe size and power ralino. J CH A R ACT ER I STIC : The sirote-tetier symbol ' 'G " ktenlrftos ib© rasidance-iemperaiure "1 chFaracter isl ic as shown in 1at«l & 301-1. J RES ISTANC-E : The Ihree-dipjH number iderlifies I be nominal resistance value, expressed “ in ohms; I he tirsl Iwo diofe represenl sianifcanl figures and Ibis Iasi doH specifics I he number of zeros 1o 1b I tow. Where fr art tonal values of an ohm are required, Ibe teller "R" rep ress nls Ihe dec-imral pc ini. (See 3.3 and I he bltwino example.) EXAMPLE: 2R7 27 eh ms ICO lOchmis 105 1 megohm 228 22 rregchm R E5 IS. TAN CE TOLE RAM CE : The sirote-teller symbol kienlifie^- Ihe rassianes tolerance as follows: J- *5 perce rri K i 10 percent FAILURE RATE LEVEL : The si rote-teller symbol ktenlftes 1h* failure rale level as fo I tows: fi.1 10 percents, ODD hr P 0.1 percent/1 .HO hr R 001 percent/1 ,CCO hr £ OOD1 perce rrt/1 .CCO hr Transformer Lead Identification This area contains color coding identification as it relates to transformers. Figure 1-19 shows the color codes for power transformers, IF transformers, and interstage-audio transformers. 1-53 COLLECTOR/ BLUE GREEN \ RETURN INTERSTAGE AUDIO TRANSFORMERS GROUND IF TRANSFORMERS Figure 1-19. — Color code for transformers. Chassis Wiring Identification The standard colors used in chassis wiring for the purpose of equipment circuit identification follow: CIRCUIT COLOR GROUNDS, GROUNDED ELEMENTS, AND RETURNS BEATERS OR FILAMENTS, OFF GROUND POWER SUPPLY +V CC /+ E bb SCREEN GRIDS EMITTERS/CATHODES BASES/CONTROL GRIDS COLLECTORS/PLATES POWER SUPPLY, -V cc /-Ebb AC POWER LINES MISCELLANEOUS, ABOVE OR BELOW GROUND RETURNS, AUTOMATIC VOLUME CONTROL (AVC) BLACK BROWN RED ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE VIOLET (PURPLE) GRAY WHITE Semiconductor Case Outlines, Color Coding, Lead Identification, and Pin Placement Case outlines, color coding, lead identification, and pin placements of common semiconductor devices are used frequently by the technician and are included in figures 1-20, 1-21, and 1-22. 1-54 Ill ■ o <=H> =z^ BAND MARKED MARKED ANODES-/ COLOR SPOT > CATHODES a- GLASS COLOR BANDS MARKED 2 DIGrTTYPE _ (BLACK BAND) 3 DIGrTTYPE 4 DIGrTTYPE t * r / * i ^ / i / / i 1111 I I 1 I I I SUFFIX LETTER (IF USED) SUFFIX LETTER (BLACK IF NO LETTER) Q COLOR 0 DiGrr © DIODE SUFFIX LETTER BLACK o BROWN i A RED 2 B ORANGE 3 C YELLOW 4 D GREEN 5 E BLUE 6 F VIOLET 7 G GRAY: 3 H WHrTE* 9 J SILVER - - GOLD - - NONE - - Figure 1-20. — Semiconductor diode markings and color code system. 1-55 (A) EMITTER COLLECTOR BASE 32 1 -i c 5E3 32 1 (B) EMITTER BASE COLOR DOT COLLECTOR COLOR DOT (C) EMITTER BASE RED LINE COLLECTOR RED LINE (□) EMITTER ^ j ^ COLLECTOR 1 2 : BASE^ If:,' :>\3 (E) (F) EMITTER 1 23 EMITTER BASE COLLECTOR MOUNTED TO MOUNTING BASE ^ BASE 5 1 y (INDICATED " " BY GREEN SLEEVING) .6 V, COLLECTOR © 312 (G) BASE P- COLLECTOR EMITTER Figure 1-21. — Transistor lead identification and case outline. 1-56 1C CASE STYLES IC's arc manufactured in various package shapes §■§■ Q WHWIT Wi k W HEIM C'UhL Ih IIMC ELASTIC 1IPIH DUAlIhllHE HH(iri-T ! f H'K-'iC |C'lt| CERAMIC V -'ll HOC |Mf | II P lh TO-5 CAN Each 1C has a reference mark. The dual-in-line package or DIP (both plastic and ceramic) and the flat pack will have a notch, dot or impression on the package. When viewed from the top, pin 1 will be the first pin in a counterclockwise direction directly next to the reference mark. Pin 1 may also be marked directly by a hole or notch in it or a tab on it (in this case pin 1 is the counting reference). When viewed from the top, all other pins are numbered consecutively in a counterclockwise direction from pin 1. m ra □FiiFinn ■HTirnrL3 lu’eli uj TOP VIEW TOP VIEW TAB TOP VIEW DIP Packages TOP VIEW Flat Pack Packages The TO-5 can has a tab for the reference. When numbering the leads you must view the TO-5 can from the bottom. Pin 1 will be the first pin in a clockwise direction from the tab. All other pins will be numbered consec- utively in a clockwise direction from pin 1. f.o ol p ^i 4MUNICATIQN EQUIPMENT box swrrcH. telephone -EX3- JACKS KU PLUGS. TELEPHONE I RECEPTACLE OR OUTLET ra SWITCH PUSHBUTTON ON - OFF SELECTOR CIRCUrT LETTER p PANEL OR BULKHEAD £ NUMBER OF SECTIONS TRANSFER Kl BUILDUP EXAMPLES CONTROLLER WTH LOW VOLTAGE RELEASE. RECLOSES UPON RETURN OF POWER CONTROL WTH LOW VOLTAGE PROTECTION. REMAINS OPEN UPON RETURN OF POWER FANS FAN. PORTABLE BRACKET GW FAN, OVERHEAD • HEATERS HEATER. GENERAL O © HEATER . PORTABLE RADIANT /7TN \ H r— vi LIGHTING UNITS BULKHEAD BULKHEAD BULKHEAD, BERTH HAND LANTERN NAVIGATIONAL NIGHT FLIGKT OVERHEAD © PORTABLE ^ OVERHEAD. FLOURESCENT o RESISTORS AAAt or GENERAL TAPPED ADJUSTABLE TAP CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE NONLINEAR -YY- ^vyv A,-XV ■*HK Hh if tH? POLARIZED FIXED VARIABLE TRIMMER ff [JET GANGED SHIELDED SPLfT - STATOR FEED - THROUGH GENERAL MAGNETIC CORE — TAPPED ADJUSTABLE ADJUSTABLE OR CONTINUOUSLY ADJUSTABLE SATURABLE CORE REACTOR fTINUOUSLY IWLfcJ r TRANSFORMERS ImJ fUT\ GENERAL MAGNETIC CORE TRANSFORMER AUTOTRANSFORMER WrTH TAPS. SINGLE - PHASE 1-85 GRAPHIC SYMBOLS SWITCHES GENERAL (SINGLE THROW) GENERAL (DOUBLE THROW) TWO POLE DOUBLE THROW swrrcH KNIFE swrrcH PUSHBUTTON (MAKE) PUSHBUTTON (BREAK) PUSHBUTTON two circus CIRCUIT AIR BREAKERS swrrcH r /< o o o O c/jO O cr^o o o Q 1 O THERMAL GANGED BATTERIES ONE CELL MULTICELL TAPPED MULTICELL Hi|i- H'-t-H ROTATING MACHINES MOT MOTOR G TYPES OF WINDINGS SERIES SEPARATELY EXCfTED GENERATOR SHUNT Q I a o o CIRCUIT PROTECTORS FUSE -DUD- FUSE OR ^ OVERLOAD W" (LONG LINE IS ALWAYS POSITIVE) RECTIFIERS GENERAL 1 SEMICONDUCTOR 1 (ELECTRON FLOW IS AGAINST THE ARROW) OYNAMOTOR WINDING SYMBOLS FULL WAVE BRIDGE TYPE SINGLE - PHASE O TWO - PHASE THREE - PHASE (WYE) 0 THREE - PHASE (DELTA) (Q SINGLE RECPT. OUTLET -0 DUPLEX RECPT. CEILING INCAN. LIGHT Q SINGLE FLUOR. FIXTURE IV I CONTINUOUS ROW FLUOR. FIXTURE ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS FLOOR DUPLEX RECPT. OUTLET PUSHBUTTON BELL OR SIGNAL SINGLE POLE SWITCH S THREE WAY SWITCH S 3 SWITCH FOR LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM SL THERMOSTAT — (t) 0 EXIT LIGHT (CEILING) EXIT LIGHT (WALL) -® JUNCTION BOX G> CLOTHES DRYER OUTLET PUSHBUTTON STATION ( MOTOR CONTROLLER ' WIRE CONCEALED IN FLOOR RECESSED PANEL BUZZER CHIME BELL TRANSFORMER WIRE CONCEALED IN WALL OR CEILING WIRE CONCEALED IN FLOOR BRANCH CIRCUIT EXPOSED 1-86 AMPLIFIER (2)’ ANTENNA (3) GENERAL =£= VrTHTVO INPUTS VrTHTWO OUTPUTS =CS WITH ADJUSTABLE GAIN WITH ASSOCIATED POWER SUPPLY WITH ASSOCIATED ATTENUATOR WITH EXTERNAL FEEDBACK PATH AMPLIFIER LETTER COMBINATION (AMPLIFIER - USE IDENTIFICATION IN SYMBOL IF REQUIRED) GENERAL Y DIPOLE ARRESTER, LIGKTNING (4) GENERAL CARBON BLOCK -0Q- ELICTROLYTIC OR ALUMINUM CELL HORN GAP VALVE OR FILM ELEMENT — Ill — MULTIGAP — o a o— ATTENUATOR, FIXED (SEE PAD) (57) (SAME SYMBOL AS VARIABLE ATTENUATOR. WITHOUT VARIABILITY) BDG BRIDGING BST BOOSTER CMP COMPRESSION DC DIRECT CURRENT EXP EXPANSION LIM LIMITING MON MONITORING PGM PROGRAM PRE PRELIMINARY PWR POWER TRG TORGUE NUMBER IN PARENTHESES INDICATES LOCATION OF SYMBOL IN MIL-STD PUBLICATION ATTENUATOR. VARIABLE (5) BALANCED UNBALANCED AUDIBLE SIGNALING DEVICE (6) BELL ELECTRICAL - RINGER TELEPHONE Oj BU22ER ^3 HORN, ELECTRICAL-LOUD- SPEAKER. SIREN. UNDERWATER SOUND HYDROPHONE. PROJEC- TOR OR TRANSDUCER = 0 * HORN. LETTER COMBINATIONS (IF REQUIRED) *HN HORN. ELECTRICAL *HW HOWLER •LS LOUDSPEAKER •SN SIREN tEM ELECTROMAGNETIC WITH MOVING COIL tEMN ELECTROMAGNETIC WITH MOVING COIL AND NEUTRAL- IZING WINDING tMG MAGNETIC ARMATURE tPM PERMANENT MAGNET WITH MOVING COIL (IDENTIFICATION REPLACES (*) ASTERICK AND (t) DAGGER) SOUNDER. TELEGRAPH 5S 3 BATTERY (7) GENERALI2ED DIRECT CURRENT SOURCE, ONE CELL MULTICELL Hi CAPACrTOR (8) GENERAL Hh POLARI2ED I +- ADJUSTABLE OR VARIABLE CONTINUOUSLY ADJUSTABLE OR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL PHASE-SHIFTER SPLfT-STATOR h FEED-THROUGH Q Q CELL. PHOTOSENSrTIVE (SEMICONDUCTOR) (3) ASYMMETRICAL PHOTOCON- DUCTIVE TRANSDUCER SYMMETRICAL PHOTOCON- DUCTIVE TRANSDUCER % Figure 1-34. — Electronic/logic symbols. 1-87 PHOTOVOLTAIC TRANSDUCER SOLAR CELL CIRCUrr BREAKER (11) GENERAL WfTH MAGNETIC OVERLOAD OR — DRAWOUT TYPE CIRCUfT ELEMENT (12) GENERAL CIRCUrr ELEMENT LETTER COMBINATIONS (replac «s (*) asterisk) EG EQUALIZER FAX FACSIMILE SET FL FILTER FL - BE FILTER BAND ELIMINATION FL-BP FILTER. BANDPASS FL-HP FILTER. HIGH PASS FL-LP FILTER. LOW PASS PS POWER SUPPLY RG RECORDING UNIT RU REPRODUCING UNIT DIAL TELEPHONE DIAL TEL TELEPHONE STATION TPR TELEPRINTER TTY TELETYPEWRITER ADDITIONAL LETTER COMBINATIONS (symbol; preferred) AMPLIFIER ATTENUATOR CAPACITOR CIRCUIT BREAKER HANDSET INDICATING OR SWITCH BOARD LAMP INDUCTOR JACK LOUDSPEAKER MICROPHONE OSCILLATOR PAD PLUG RECEIVER HEADSET RELAY RESISTOR SWITCH OR KEY SWITCH TRANSFORMER WALL RECEPTACLE CLUTCH; BRAKE (14) DISENGAGED WHEN OPERATING MEANS IS DE-ENERGIZED -•]}- 1 I ENGAGED WHEN OPERATING MEANS IS DE-ENERGIZED" - 41 - OR COIL REPLAY and OPERATING (16) -0- 0R [t SEMICIRCULAR DOT INDICATES INNER END OF WIRING -Lh or D: CONNECTOR (18) ASSEMBLY. MOVABLE OR STATIONARY PORTION; JACK. PLUG OR RECEPTACLE — < OR — < JACK OR RECEPTACLE OR 0 SEPARABLE CONNECTORS TWO-CONDUCTOR SWrTCH- BOARD JACK l V— TWO-CONDUCTOR SWrTCH- BOARD PLUG JACKS NORMALLED THROUGH ONE WAY -1 T'O JACKS NORMALLED THROUGH BOTH WAYS ^DO'-T 2-CONDUCTOR NONPOLARIZED. FEMALE CONTACTS 2-CONDUCTOR POLARIZED. MALE CONTACTS -©- WAVEGUIDE FLANGE PLAIN. RECTANGULAR -&> CHOKE. RECTANGULAR > 0 - MATED CHOCK FLANGES IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE -EK >ft- COUNTER. ELECTROMAGNETIC; MESSAGE REGISTER (26) GENERAL WfTH A MAKE CONTACT dp~/» COUPLER. DIRECTIONAL (2?) (common coaxial / waveguide usage) (common coaxial / waveguide usage) E-PLANE APERTURE-COUPLING, 30-DECIBEL TRANSMISSION LOSS COUPLING (28) BY LOOP FROM COAXIAL TO CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE. DIRECT-CURRENT GROUNDS CONNECTED CRYSTAL. PIEZO- ELECTRIC (62) DELAY LINE (31) GENERAL TAPPED DELAY (length of delay indication replaces (*) asterisk) DETECTOR. PRIMARY MEASURING TRANSDUCER (30) (see HALL GENERATOR and THERMAL CONVERTER) 9— DISCONTINUE (33) (common coaxial/waveguide usage) EQUIVALENT SERIES ELEMENT, GENERAL CAPACmVE REATANCE INDUCTIVE REACTANCE INDUCTIVE-CAPACrT ANCE CIRCUrr. INFINrTE REACTANCE AT RESONANCE 1-88 INDUCT ANCE-CAPAOTANCE CIRCUIT. 2ER0 REACTANCE AT RESONANCE RESISTANCE EQUIVALENT SHUNT ELEMENT GENERAL CAPACfTIVE SUSCEPTANCE CONDUCTANCE INDUCTIVE SUSCEPTANCE INDUCT ANCE-CAPACrTANCE CIRCUrr. INFINrTE SUSCEPT- ANCE AT RESONANCE INDUCT ANCE-CAPACrTANCE CIRCUrr. ZERO SUSCEPTANCE AT RESONANCE ELECTRON TUBE (34) TRIODE SM PENTODE. ENVELOPE CONNECT- ED TO BASE TERMINAL A vyv. TWIN TRIODE. EQUIPOTENTIAL CATHODE w TYPICAL WIRING FIGURE TO SHOW TUBE SYMBOLS PLACED IN ANY CONVENIENT POSfTION C RECTIFIER. VOLTAGE REGULATOR (SEE LAMP. GLOW) MERCURY-POOL TUBE. IGNrTOR AND CONTROL GRID (SEE REC- TIFIER) , RESONANT MAGNETRON. COAXIAL OUTPUT AND PERMANENT MAGNET REFLEX KLYSTRON, INTEGRAL CAVITY. APERTURE COUPLED TRANSMfT-RECEIVE (TR) TUBE GAS FILLED. TUNABLE INTEGRAL CAVrTY, APERTURE COUPLED. WITH STARTER -Bd TRAVELING-WAVE TUBE (TYPICAL) FORWARD- WAVE TRAVELING- WAVE-TUBE AMPLIFIER SHOWN WITH FOUR GRIDS. HAVING SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURE WrTH ATTENUATION. MAGNETIC FOCUSING BY EXTERNAL PER- MANENT MAGNET, rf INPUT AND rf OUTPUT COUPLING EACH E-PLANE APERTURE TO EXTERNAL RECTANGULAR FERRITE DEVICES (100) FIELD POLARIZATION ROTATOR FIELD POLARIZATION AMPLI- TUDE MODULATOR u + FUSE (36) OR-dB- OR HIGH-VOLTAGE PRIMARY CUT- OUT. DRY OB HIGH-VOLTAGE PRIMARY CUT- OUT. OIL GOVERNOR (CONTACT - MAKING (37) CONTACTS SHOWN HERE AS CLOSED HALL GENERATOR (39) HANDSET (40) GENERAL 6 OPERATORS SET WfTH PUSH- TO-TALK SWITCH HYBRID (41) GENERAL JUNCTION (COMMON COAXIAL/WAVE- GUIDE USAGE) CIRCULAR O (E. H OR HE TRANSVERSE FIELD INDICATORS REPLACE (') ASTERISK) RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE AND COAXIAL COUPLING INDUCTOR (42) GENERAL OR 1-89 MAGNETIC CORE TAPPED "rr ADJUSTABLE. CONTINUOUSLY ADJUSTABLE 'VV'A t KEY. TELEGRAPH (43) LAMP (44) BALLAST LAMP; BALLAST TUBE LAMP. FLOURESCENT, 2 AND 4 TERMINAL LAMP. INCANDESCENT =5) INDICATING LAMP; SWfTCH- BOARD LAMP (see VISUAL SIGNALING DEVICE LOGIC (including some duplicate symbols; left and reigh-hand symbols are not mixed) AND function '□ D OR function ■0 » D EXCLUSIVE OR function ■0 «'E> ((*) input side of logic symbols in general) CONDmON INDICATORS STATE (logic negation) o A LOGIC NEGATION OUTPUT BECOMES 1-STATE IF AND ONLY IF THE INPUT IS NOT 1-STATE AN AND FUNC. WHERE OUTPUT IS LOW IF AND ONLY IF ALL INPUTS ARE HIGH ELECTRIC INVERTER □ or o (elec, invlr. output becomes 1-state if and only if the input is 1-state) (elec, invtr. output is more pos. if and only if input is less pos.) LEVEL (relative) 1-STATE IS LESS ♦ 1-STATE IS MORE* (symbol is a rf triangle poinging in direction of flow) AN AND FUNC. WfTH INPUT 1-STATES AT MORE POS. LEVEL AND OUTPUT 1-STATE AT LESS POS. LEVEL SINGLE SHOT (one output) nr\ (waveform data replaces inside/ outside (■)) SCHMrTT TRIGGER. WAVEFORM AND TWO OUTPUTS I 1 *13V —I .5jiSEC I -0V FLIP-FLOP. COMPLEMENTARY (binary register denoting four flip- flops and bits) AMPLIFIER (see AMPLIFIER) AR OR > CHANNEL PATH (s) (see PATH. TRANSMISSION) MAGNETIC HEADS (see PICKUP HEAD) OSCILLATOR (see OSCILLATOR) OR Q RELAY. CONTACTS (see CON- TACT. ELECTRICAL) RELAY. ELECTROMAGNETIC (see RELAY COIL RECOGNmON SIGNAL FLOW (see DIRECTION OF FLOW) TIME DELAY (see DELAY LINE) 0 - CD TIME DELAY WrTH TYPICAL DELAY TAPS: 1.5 MS FUNCTIONS NOT OTHERWISE SYMBOLI2ED (identification replaces (*)) LOGIC LETTER COMBINATIONS METER LETTER COMBINATIONS S SET C CLEAR (reset) T TOGGLE (trigger) (N) NUMBER OF Bn’S BO BLOCKING OSCILLATOR CF CATHODE FOLLOWER EF EMITTER FOLLOWER FF FLIP-FLOP SS SCHMrTT TRIGGER A AH CMA CMC CMV CRO AMMETER AMPERE-HOUR CONTACT-MAKING (or breaking) AMMETER CONTACT-MAKING (or breaking) CLOCK CONTACT-MAKING (or breaking) VOLTMETER OSCILLOSCOPE OR RG(N) REGISTER (N stages) SR SHIFT REGISTER DB CATHODE-RAY OSCILLOGRAPH DB (decibel) METER DBM DBM (decibels referred to MACHINE. ROTATING (46) DM 1 millwatt) METER DEMAND METER GENERATOR DTR F DEMAND-TOTALIZING FREQUENCY METER © G GD GALVANOMETER GROUND DETECTOR 1 INDICATING INT INTEGRATING MOTOR © yA or UA MICROAMMETER MA MILLIAMMETER NM NOISE METER OHM OHMMETER OP OIL PRESSURE METER. INSTRUMENT (48) O (identification replaces (*) asterisk) 1-90 MODE TRANSDUCER (53) (common coaxial/waveguide usage) TRANSDUCER FROM RECT- ANGULAR WAVEGUIDE TO COAXIAL WFTH MODE SUPPRES- SION DIRECT-CURRENT GROUNDS CONNECTED SENsmvrrY indicator) MOTION. MECHANICAL (54) ROTATION APPLIED TO A RESISTOR (identification replaces (*) asterisk) NUCLEAR-RADIATION DETEC- TOR. GAS FILLED; IONIZATION CHAMBER. PROPORTIONAL COUNTERTUBE; GEIGER-MULLER COUNTER TUBE (50) (see RADIATION- PATH. TRANSMISSION (58) CABLE; 2-CONDUCTOR, SHIELD GROUNDED AND 5-CONDUCTOR SHIELDED PICKUP HEAD (61) GENERAL WRmNG; RECORDING READING; PLAYBACK ERASING WRmNG. READING. AND ERAS- ING I . . STEREO RECTIFIER (65) SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE; METALLIC RECTIFIER; ELEC- TROLIC RECTIFIER; ASYM- METRICAL VARISTOR MERCURY-POOL TUBE POWER RECTIFIER A- FULLWAVE BRIDGE-TYPE RESISTOR (68) GENERAL TAPPED ir 0R - c f E r HEATING SYMMETRICAL VARISTOR RE- SISTOR. VOLTAGE SENSmVE (silicon carbide, etc.) -y£- (identification marks replace (*) asterisk) WfTH ADJUSTABLE CONTACT T" ADJUSTABLE OR CONTINUOUSLY ADJUSTABLE (variable) —yd— OR — vjd~\ (identification replaces (') asterisk) RESONATOR. TUNED CAVfTY (71) (common coaxial/waveguide usage) RESONATOR WITH MODE SUP- PRESSION COUPLED BY AN E- PANE APERTURE TO A GUIDED TRANSMISSION PATH AND BY A LOOP TO A COAXIAL PATH *5 -M- TUNABLE RESONATOR WrTH DIRECT-CURRENT GROUND CONNECTED TO AN ELECTRON DEVICE AND ADJUSTABLY COU- PLED BY AN E-PLANE APERTURE TO A RECTANGULAR WAVE- GUIDE ROTARY JOINT. RF (COUPLER) (72) GENERAL; WrTH RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE -BOB- (transmission path recognition symbol replaces (’) asterisk) COAXIAL TYPE IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE -BOB- CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE TYPE IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE - 0 ® SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE (73) (Two Terminal, diode) SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE; RECTIFIER _H_ OR _@. OR _0. CAPACrriVE DIODE (also Varicap. Varactor, reactance diode, para- metric diode) BREAKDOWN. DIODE. UNIDIRECTIONAL (also back- ward diode, avalanche diode, voltage regulator diode, Zener diode, voltage refer-diode) BREAKDOWN DIODE, BIDIREC- TIONAL AND BACKWARD DIODE (also bipolar voltage limiter) TUNNEL DIODE (also Esaki diode) TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DIODE PHOTODIODE (also solar cell) * * SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE. PNPN SWrTCH (also Shockley diode, four-layer diode and SCR) @" 0R Tgi J 0R Jr (Multi-Terminal, transistor, etc.) PNP TRANSISTOR NPN TRANSISTOR UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTOR. N-TYPE BASE © 1-91 FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR. P-TYPE BASE © FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR. N-TYPE BASE (j) » ($) FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR. P-TYPE BASE ($)"(&> SEMICONDUCTOR TRIODE. pnpn-type swrrcH 9 SEMICONDUCTOR TRIODE. NPNP-TYPE SwrrcH NPN TRANSISTOR. TRANS- VERSE BIASED BASE 9 9 PNIP TRANSISTOR. OHMIC CON- NECTION TO THE INTRINSIC REGION SQUIB (75) NPIN TRANSISTOR. OHMIC CON- NECTION TO THE INTRINSIC REGION PNIN TRANSISTOR. OHMIC CON- NECTION TO THE INTRINSIC REGION NPIP TRANSISTOR. OHMIC CON- NECTION TO THE INTRINSIC REGION EXPLOSIVE IGNfTER SENSING LINK; FUSIBLE LINK OPERATED swrrcH (76) PUSH BUTTON. CIRCUrr CLOS- ING (moke) PUSH BUTTON. CIRCUrT OPEN- ING (break) NONLOCKING. MOMENTARY CIRCUrT CLOSING (moke) NONLOCKING. MOMENTARY CIRCUfT OPENING (break) TRANSFER 0R LOCKING. CIRCUfT CLOSING, (moke) . o-K OR LOCKING. CIRCUrT OPENING (break) OR TRANSFER. 3-POSITION WAFER (example shown; 3-polc 3-circuit with 2 nonshorting and 1 shorting moving contacts) -Jf iJ- SAFETY INTERLOCK. CIRCUrT OPENING AND CLOSING 2-POLE FIELD-DISCHARGE KNIFE. WrTH TERMINALS AND DISCHARGE RESISTOR 0 (identification replaces (') asterisk) THERMAL ELEMENT (83) ACTUATING DEVICE THERMAL CUTOUT; FLASHER THERMAL RELAY THERMISTOR; THERMAL RESISTOR (84) — ©— WfTH INTEGRAL HEATER THERMOCOUPLE (85) TEMPERATURE MEASURING CURRENT -MEASURING SEMICONDUCTOR TRANSFORMER (86) GENERAL l.>.) luud n n MAGNETIC-CORE SYNCHRO (78) 9 SYNCHRO LETTER COMBINA- TIONS CDX CONTROL-DIFFERENTIAL TRANSMITTER CT CONTROL TRANSFORMER CX CONTROL TRANSMITTER TDR TORQUE-DIFFERENTIAL RECEIVER TDX TORQUE-DIFFERENTIAL TRANS- MITTER TR TORQUE RECEIVER TX TORQUE TRANSMITTER RS RESOLVER B OUTERWINDINGROTATABLE IN BEARINGS THERMOSTAT (operates on rising temperature). CONTACT 0R_,:o T THERMOSTAT. MAKE CONTACT f— 1 j rr- I J 1 — OR — OO — THERMOSTAT, INTEGRAL HEATER AND TRANSFER CONTACTS CURRENT-MEASURING, INTEGRAL HEATER CONNECTED HEATER CURRENT-MEASURING, INTEGRAL HEATER INSULATED HEATER TEMPERATURE-MEASURING SEMICONDUCTOR ONE WINDING WTTH ADJUSTABLE INDUCTANCE SEPARATELY ADJUSTABLE INDUCTANCE & ADJUSTABLE MUTUAL INDUCT- ANCE CONSTANT-CURRENT W 1-92 AUTOTRANSFORMER. 1-PHASE ADJUSTABLE CURRENT, WITH POLARITY MARKING POTENTIAL WITH POLARITY MARK WITH DIRECT - CURRENT CONNECTIONS AND MODE SUPPRESSION BETWEEN TWO RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES (COMMON COAXIAL t WAVEGUIDE USAGE) SHIELDED. WITH MAGNETIC CORE 1 WITH A SHIELD BETWEEN WINDINGS. CONNECTED TO THE FRAME VIBRATOR; INTERRUPTER (87) TYPICAL SHUNT DRIVE (TERMINALS SHOWN) TYPICAL SEPARATE DRIVE (TERMINALS SHOWN) I! VISUAL SIGNALING DEVICE (88) COMMUNICATION SWITCH- BOARD-TYPE LAMP INDICATING, PILOT. SIGNALING. OR SWITCHBOARD LIGHT (scc LAMP) D ° R ° R © (IDENTIFICATION REPLACES (') ASTERISK) INDICATING LIGHT LETTER COMBINATIONS A AMBER B BLUE C CLEAR G GREEN NE NEON 0 ORANGE OP OPALESCENT P PURPLE R RED W WHITE V YELLOW JEWELED SIGNAL LIGHT Figure 1-34. — Electronic/logie symbols. — Continued. 1-93 WHEN THE SYMBOL NEEDS TO BE IDENTIFIED AS FIBER OPTIC. THE WORDS 'FIBER' OR THE ABBREVIATION 'FO' WILL BE USED IN CON JUCNTION WITH THE SYMBOL. AMPLIFIER. OPTICAL - ELECTRICAL DELAY DEVICE. OPTICAL NOTE: INDICATE THE 4B LEVEL. NOTES*! 1. ARROWSONCABLEARE OPTIONAL. 2. DIRECTIONAL VALUE SPECIFIED. OPTIONAL (4BLOSS). 3. IF JB VALUE SPECIFIED F OR TWO WAY (DIRECTIONAL), THE TWO ATTENTUATION VALUES WILL BE OUTSIDE OF THE BLOCK WITH AN ARROW POINTING IN THE DIRECTION OF THE OPTICAL BEAM. 4. IN CASE OF ONE WAY. THE VALUE (4B LOSS) WILL BE INSIDE OF THE BLOCK. USE STANDARD ESTABLISHED GRAPHIC SYMBOLS OF ANSI Y32.2 FOR COUPLER IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE FOLLOWING: NOTES: 1. 'Tp'FOR TRANSMISSIVE PASSIVE 2. *T «' F OR TRANSMISSIVE ACTIVE 3. *Rp* F OR REFLECTIVE PASSIVE PIGTAILEP PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE DIODE. LIGHT EMrTTING-PHQTQDETECTQR I PET EMI PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE T DIODE, PHOTODETECTOR. THE SAME SYMBOL IS USED FOR AVALANCHE PHOTO DIODES. (APD) AND PIN DIODES. PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE LASER (EXCEPT LASER DIODE) y LASER I PIGTAILED FIBERS I % NOTE: FOR INTERNATIONAL OR NATO APPLICATION. THE FOLLOWING SYMBOL SHALL BE TO INDICATE OPTICAL FIBER PER INTERNATIONAL ELECTRO- TECHNICAL COMMISSION PUBLICATION IEC 117. FILTERS. ABOVE EACH SYMBOL THE LIMITING WAVELENGTHS SHALL BE PROVIDED (IN NM). LONG WAVELENGTH PASS n i & F LLr SHORT WAVELENGTH PASS BAND PASS i REPEATER. SEE AMPLIFIER. OPTICAL TRANSMfTTER Figure 1-35. — Fiber optic symbols. 1-94 VrTHOLTT PIGTAIL SOURCE CONNECTORS RECEPTACLE-WrTH OPTICAL SOURCE. FOR OPTICAL DETECTORS REVERSE DIRECTION OF ARROWS. PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE WfTHQUT PIGTAIL SOURCE PLUG- Wn~H OPTICAL SOURCE. FOR OPTICAL DETECTORS REVERSE DIRECTION OF ARROWS. PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE Figure 1-35. — Fiber optic symbols. — Continued. Frequency Spectrum Designation The complete spectrum of communications frequencies is broken down into ranges or bands. The United States practice is to designate a two- or three-letter abbreviation for the name. The practice of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) is to designate a number. Table 1-25 shows the bands and their designators. Table 1-26 indicates the frequency spectrum broken down as to usage. Table 1-25. — Frequency Spectrum FREQUENCY DESIGNATOR IUT DESIGNATOR BELOW 300 Hz ELF (EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY) — 300 Hz - 3 kHz ILF (INFRA LOW FREQUENCY) SOMETIMES VF (VOICE FREQUENCY) — 3 kHz - 30 kHz VLF (VERY LOW FREQUENCY) 4 30 kHz - 300 kHz LF (LOW FREQUENCY) 5 300 kHz - 3 MHz MF (MEDIUM FREQUENCY) 6 3 MHz - 30 MHz HF (HIGH FREQUENCY) 7 30 MHz - 300 MHz VHF (VERY HIGH FREQUENCY) 8 300 MHz - 3 GHz UHF (ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY) 9 3 GHz - 30 GHz SHF (SUPERHIGH FREQUENCY) 10 30 GHz - 300 GHz EHF (EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY) 11 300 GHz - 3 THz THF (TREMENDOUSLY HIGH FREQUENCY) 12 1-95 Table 1-26. — Frequency Spectrum Usage DIVISION RANGE USAGE ELF Long Communication, Navigation, Experimental ILF Long Communication, Navigation, Experimental VLF Long Communication, Navigation LF Long Medium Communication, Broadcasting, Navigation MF Medium Communication, Broadcasting, Navigation HF Long Communication, Broadcasting VHF Communication Television, Radar (Lower) (Upper) Medium Beyond horizon UHF Beyond line of sight Communication Line of sight Radar SHF Line of sight Radar, Doppler EHF Line of sight Short-range radar THF Line of sight Experimental Television Channel Assignments Table 1-27 lists the VHF and UHF television channel frequencies. The video carrier is 1.25 MHz above the lower channel limit. The sound carrier is .25 MHz below the upper channel limit. For example Channel 10 sound carrier is 197 MHz, and the video carrier is 193.25 MHz. 1-96 Table 1-27. — Television Channel Frequencies Channel Band Limits (MHz) Channel Band Limits (MHz) 2 54-60 43 644-650 3 60-66 44 650-656 4 66-72 45 656-662 5 76-82 46 662-668 6 82-88 47 668-674 7 174-180 48 674-680 8 180-186 49 680-686 9 186-192 50 686-692 10 192-198 51 692-698 1 1 1 98-204 52 698-704 12 204-210 53 704-7 1 0 13 210-216 54 710-716 14 470-476 55 716-722 15 476-482 56 722-728 16 482488 57 728-734 17 488494 58 734-740 18 494-500 59 740-746 19 500-506 60 746-752 20 506-512 61 752-758 21 512-518 62 758-764 22 518-524 63 764-770 23 524-530 64 770-776 24 530-536 65 776-782 25 536-542 66 782-788 26 542-548 67 788-794 27 548-554 68 794-800 28 554-560 69 800-806 29 560-566 70 806-812 30 566-572 71 812-818 31 572-578 72 8 1 8-824 32 578-584 73 824-830 33 584-590 74 830-836 34 590-596 75 836-842 35 596-602 76 842-848 36 603-608 77 848-854 37 608-614 78 854-860 38 614-620 79 860-866 39 620-626 80 866-872 40 626-632 81 872-878 41 632-638 82 878-884 42 638-644 83 884-890 1-97 Joint Electronic Type Designation System (JETDS) This system, formerly known as the Joint Army-Navy (AN) nomenclature system, was designed so that a common designation could be used for all the services' equipment. Figure 1-36 shows you how to identify equipment in the JETDS (AN) System. SET OR EQUIPMENT AN / U INDICATOR LETTERS R D — •AN" SYSTEM WHERE ms INSTALLATION A-- AIRBORNE (INSTALLED AND OPERATEDINAIRCRAFT). B- UNDERWATER MOBILE. SUBMARINE. C— AIR TRANSPORTABLE (IN- ACTIVATED, DONOT USE. D- PILOTLESSCARRIER. F— FIXED. G- GROUND, GENERAL GROUND USE (INCLUDES TWO OR MORE GROUND-TYPE INSTALLATIONS). K-- AMPHIBIOUS. M - GROUND. MOBILE (INSTALLED AS OPERATING UNIT IN A VEHICLE WHICH HAS NO FUNCTION OTHER THAN TRANSPORTING THE EQUIPMENT). P- PACK OR PORTABLE (ANIMAL OR MAN). S- WATER SURFACE CRAFT. T— GROUND, TRANSPORTABLE. U-- GENERAL UTILITY (INCLUDES TWO OR MORE GENERAL INSTALLA- TION CLASSES. AIRBORNE. SHIP- BOARD, AND GROUND). V- GROUND. VEHICULAR (INSTALLED IN VEHICLE DESIGNED FOR FUNC- TIONS OTHER THAN CARRYING ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT. ETC., SUCH AS TANKS). W- WATER SURFACE AND UNDERWATER. WHAT ii i-> WHAT rrooES MODEL NO. MOD. LETTER MISC. IDENT. TYPE OF EQUIPMENT INVISIBLE LIGHT, HEAT RADIATION. PIGEON. CARRIER. RADIAC. NUPAC. . PHOTOGRAPHIC. TELEGRAPH OR TELETYPE. INTERPHONE AND PUBLIC ADDRESS. ELECTROMECHANICAL OR INERTIAL WIRE COVERED. TELEMETERING. COUNTERMEASURES. •METEOROLOGICAL. SOUND IN AIR. RADAR. SONAR AND UNDERWATER SOUND. RADIO. SPECIAL TYPES, MAGNETIC. ETC,. OR COMBINATIONS OF TYPES. TELEPHONE (WIRE). VISUAL AND VISIBLE LIGHT. ■ARMAMENT (PECULIAR TO ARMA- MENT. NOT OTHERW ISE COVERED). FACSIMILE OR TELEVISION. DATA PROCESSING. PURPOSE AUXILIARY ASSEMBLIES (NOT COMPLETE OPERATING SETS USED WITH OR PART OF TWO OR MORE SETS OR SETS SERIES). BOMBING. COMMUNICATIONS (RECEIVING AND TRANSMITTING). DIRECTION FINDER. RECONNAISSANCE. AND/OR SURVEILLANCE. EJECTION AND/OR RELEASE. FIRE-CONTROL OR SEARCHLIGHT DIRECTING. RECORDING AND/OR REPRODUCING (GRAPHIC METEOROLOGICAL AND SOUND). COMPUTING. SEARCHLIGHT CONTROL (INACTIVATED. USE G). MAINTENANCE AND TEST ASSEMBLIES (INCLUDING TOOLS). NAVIGATIONAL AIDS (INCLUDING ALTIMETERS. BEACONS. COMPASSES, RACONS, DEPTH SOUNDING. APPROACH AND LANDING). REPRODUCING (INACTIVATED. DO NOT USE). SPECIAL. OR COMBINATION OF PURPOSES. RECEIVING. PASSIVE DETECTING. DETECTING AND/OR RANGE AND BEARING. SEARCH. TRANSMITTING. AUTOMATIC FLIGHT OR REMOTE CONTROL. IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION. SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL. NOT FOR US USE EXCEPT FOR ASSIGNING SUFFIX LETTERS TO PREVIOUSLY NOMENCLATURED ITEM. Figure 1-36. — Joint Electronics Type Designation System (AN). Microcircuit Part Numbers. The military designator for microcircuits is M38510. Table 1-28 shows by example how the military part number M38510/00104BCB is broken down. 1-98 Table 1-28. — Microcircuit Part Number Breakdown 1 2 3 4 5 6 M3 85 10/ 001 04 B C B 1. Military Specification Designator 2. Detail Specification (Group of devices of similar function) 3. Device Type (Specific part type in group) 4. Device Class: Class A - Manual space program Class B - Avionics, space satellites Class C - Prototype, noncritical ground systems 5. Case outline: A— 1/4" x 1/4" Flat Pack 14 Pin B— 1/4" x 1/8" Flat Pack 14 Pin C-Dip 14 Pin D— 1/4" x 3/8" Flat Pack 14 Pin E— Dip 16 Pin F— 1/4" x 3/8" Flat Pack 16 Pin G-Can to 99 8 Pin H— 1/4" x 1/4" Flat Pack 10 Pin I— Can to 100 10 Pin J— Dip 24 Pin K— 3/8" x 5/8" Flat Pack 24 Pin L— 3/8" x 1/2" Flat Pack 24 Pin X~To 5 Y-To 3 Z— 1/4" x 3/8" Flat Pack 24 Pin 6. Lead finish: A-Hot Solder B-Tin Plate C— Gold Plate Table 1-29 is a microcircuit-part-number-to-circuit-type crossover list. By using this table and table 1-28, we find our example part number M38510/00104BCB is a 5400 microcircuit type in class B, with 14 pin DIP, and tin plate leads. 1-99 Table 1-29. — Microcircuit Part Numbers to Circuit Type Crossover List M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M385 10/Ckt Type M385 10/Ckt Type 00101/5430 00102/5420 00103/5410 00104/5400 00105/5404 00106/5412 00107/5401 00108/5405 00109/5403 00201/5472 00202/5473 00203/54107 00204/5476 00205/5474 00206/5470 00207/5479 00301/5440 00302/5437 00303/5438 00401/5402 00402/5423 00403/5425 00404/5427 00501/5450 00502/545 1 00503/5453 00504/5454 00601/5482 00602/5483 00603/9304 00604/5480 00701/3121 00701/5486 00801/5406 00802/5416 00803/5407 00804/5417 00805/5426 00901/5495 00902/5496 00903/54164 00904/54165 00905/54194 00906/54195 00909/54198 00910/54166 01001/5442 01002/5443 01003/5444 01004/5445 01005/54145 01006/5446 01007/5447 01008/5448 01009/5449 01101/54181 01101/7181 01 101/9341 01101/54182 01102/9342 01201/54121 01202/54122 01203/54123 01204/9601 01205/9602 01301/5492 01302/5493 01303/54160 01304/54163 01305/54162 01306/54161 01307/5490 01308/54192 01309/54193 01310/54196 01311/54197 01312/54177 01401/54150 01402/9312 01403/54153 01404/9309 01405/54157 01405/9322 01406/54151 01501/5475 01502/5477 01503/54116 01503/9308 01504/9314 01601/5408 01602/5409 01701/54174 01702/54175 01703/54173 01801/54170 01901/54180 01902/556 02001/54L30 02002/54L20 02003/54L10 02004/54L00 02005/54L04 02006/54L0 1 02 006/54 L03 02101/54L71 02102/54L72 02103/54L73 02104/54L78 02105/54L74 02201/54H72 02202/54H73 02203/54H74 02204/54H76 02205/5411101 02206/5411103 02301/54H30 02302/54H20 02303/54H10 02304/541100 02305/541 104 02306/54H01 02307/54H22 02401/54H40 02501/54L90 02502/54L93 02503/54L193 02504/93L10 02505/93L16 02601/54L86 02603/7644 02701/54L02 02801/54L95 02802/54L164 02803/93L28 02804/93 LOO 02805/76L70 02901/54L42 02902/54L43 02903/54L44 02904/54 L46 02905/54L47 02906/76L42A 02907/93 L01 03001/15930 03001/930 03002/15935 03002/19535 03002/935 03002/940 03003/15936 03003/936 03004/15946 03004/946 03005/15962 03005/962 03101/15932 03102/15944 03103/15957 03104/15958 03105/15933 03201/15951 03301/15945 03302/15948 03303/15950 03304/9094 03501 /MI 10026 03604/54LS96 04001/54H50 04002/541151 04003/541 153 04004/541154 04005/541 155 04 1 0 1/54L5 1 04102/54L54 04103/54L55 04201/54L121 04202/54L 1 22 04301/93L18 04401/93L24 0450 1/93L 1 4 04502/93 L08 04601/93L09 04602/93L12 04603/93 L22 05001/4011 A 05002/40 12A 05003/4023A 05 101/40 13A 05 102/4027 A 05 103/4043 A 05201/4000A 05202/4001 A 05203/4002A 05204/4025A 05301/4007A 05302/40 19A 05 3 03/4030 A 0540 1/4008 A 05 50 1/4009 A 05502/40 10A 05 503/4049 A 05 504/4050 A 05505/4041 A 0560 1/40 17A 05602/40 18A 05603/4020A 05 604/4022 A 05 60 5/4024 A 05 70 1/4006 A 05702/40 14A 05703/40 15A 05704/4021 A 05705/4031 A 05 706/4034 A 05 80 1/40 16 A 05 802/4066 A 0590 1/4028 A 06001/10501 06002/10502 06003/10505 06004/10506 06005/10507 06006/10509 06101/10531 06102/10531 06103/10576 06104/10535 06201/10504 06202/10597 06301/10524 06302/10525 0700 1/54 S00 07002/5 4 S 03 07003/54S04 07004/54S05 07005/54S10 07006/54S20 07007/54S22 07008/54S30 07009/54S133 070 1 0/54S 1 34 07101/54S74 07 1 02/54S 1 12 07 1 03/54S 1 13 07 1 04/54S 1 14 07 1 05/54S 1 74 07 1 06/54S 1 75 07201/54S40 07301/54S02 07401/54S5 1 07402/54S64 07403/54S65 07501/54S86 07502/54S 135 0760 1/54S 194 07602/54S195 07701/54S138 07702/54S139 07703/54S280 0780 1/54S 181 07802/54S182 07901/54S15 1 07902/54S153 07903/54S157 07904/54S158 07905/54S25 1 07906/54S257 07907/54S258 07908/54S253 08001/54S1 1 08002/54S 1 5 08003/54S08 08004/54 S09 08 1 0 1/54S 1 40 08201/54S85 1-100 Table 1-29. — Microcircuit Part Numbers to Circuit Type Crossover List — Continued M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M385 10/Ckt Type M385 10/Ckt Type 10101/UA741 10101/52741 10101/741 10102/52747 1 0102/7 A747 10102/747 1 0 1 03/LM 1 0 1 A 10103/52101 A 10104/LM108A 10104/52 108 A 1 0 1 05/LH2 1 0 1 A 1 0 1 06/LH2 1 08 A 1 0 1 07/LM 1 1 8 10108/1558 10201/LM723 10201/UA723 10201/52723 10201/723 1 0202/LM 1 04 1 0203/LM 1 05 10301/UA7 10 10301/52710 10301/710 10302/UA7 1 1 10302/52711 10302/711 10303/LM 106 10303/52106 10304/LM1 1 1 10304/52111 10305/LH21 1 1 10305/LM21 1 1 10401/55107 10402/55108 10403/55114 10403/9614 10404/55115 10404/9615 10405/55113 10406/7831 10407/7832 10501/UA733 10501/52733 10601/LM 102 1 0602/LM 1 10 10602/52110 1 0603/LI 12110 10603/LM21 10 10701/LM 109 10701/52109 1 0702/LM 1 4 1 H-05 10703/LM 141H-12 10704/LM141H-15 1 0705/LM 1 4 1 H-24 1 0706/LM 1 40K-05 10707/LM 140K-12 1 0708/LM 1 40K- 1 5 1 0709/LM 1 40K-24 1080 1/30 18A 10802/3045 10901/SE555 10901/555 10902/SE556 1 1 00 1 /LM 1 48 1 1 002/LM 1 49 11003/4141 11003/4156 1 1004/4136 1 1 005/LM 1 24 1 1 101/DG181A 1 1 102/DG182A 1 1 103/DG184A 1 1 104/DG185A 1 1 105/DG187A 1 1 106/DG188A 1 1 1 07/DG 1 90A 1 1 1 08/DG 1 9 1 A 1 1201/LM 139 1 1 202/LM 1 93 1 1 30 1/D AC-08 1 1302/D AC-08A 1 1401/LF155 1 1 402/LF 1 56 1 1 403/LF 1 57 1 1404/LF155A 1 1405/LF156A 1 1406/LF157A 1 1 50 1 /LM 1 2011-05 1 1 502/79M05 11502/LM 12011- 12 1 1502/79M12 1 1503/LM120H-15 1 1 503/79M 1 5 11504/LM 12011-24 1 1 504/79M24 1 1 505/LM 1 20K-05 11505/7905 1 1 506/LM 1 20K- 1 2 11506/7912 1 1507/LM120K-15 11507/7915 1 1 508/LM 1 20K-24 1 1 508/7924 11901/061 1 1902/062 1 1903/064 1 1 904/LF 1 5 1 1 1904/071 11904/771 1 1905/LF1 53 1 1905/072 1 1905/772 1 1 906/LF 1 47 1 1906/074 1 1906/774 15001/5485 15002/9324 15101/5413 15102/5414 15102/7414 15103/54132 15201/54154 15201/9311 15202/54155 15203/54156 15204/8250 15205/8251 15206/8252 15206/9301 15301/54125 15302/54126 15401/54120 15501/MC3101 1550 1/541 108 1 5502/MC3 106 1 5502/54111 1 15503/MC31 1 1 15503/541 121 15601/54147 15602/54148 15603/9318 15701/9338 15801/9321 15802/9317 15901/9300 15902/9328 16001/9334 16101/5432 16201/5428 16301/54365 16302/54366 16303/54367 16304/54368 20101/MCM5303 20101/54186 20 102/MCM5304 20201/IM5603A 2020 1/IM 5603 20201/54S387 20202/IM5623 20301/AM27S10 20301/5300-1 20301/7610 2030 1/82S 126 20301/93417 20302/ AM27S1 1 20302/5301-1 20302/761 1 20302/82S129 20302/93427 2040 1 /I M 5 604 20401/5305-1 20401/7620 2040 1/82S 130 20401/93436 20402/IM5624 20402/5306-1 20402/7621 20402/82S13 1 20402/93446 2050 1 /HHX7620-8 20502/HMX762 1 -8 2060 1 /HMX7640-8 20601/5352-1 20601/7642 2060 1/82S 136 20601/93452 20602/HMX764 1 -8 20602/5353-1 20602/7643 20602/82S 1 37 20602/93453 20603/7644 20701/5330 20701/7602 20701/82S23 20702/533 1 20702/7603 20702/82S123 20801/5340-1 20801/7640 2080 1/82S 140 20801/93438 20802/5341-1 20802/7641 20802/82S 1 4 1 20802/93448 20803/82S1 15 20804/5348-1 20805/5349-1 20901/7684 2090 1/82S 184 20902/7685 20902/82S185 20903/5380-1 20903/7680 20903/82S180 20903/93450 20904/5381-1 20904/7681 2 0904/82 S 1 8 1 20904/9345 1 20905/82S2708 20905/93461 20906/93460 2 1 001/53S 1 680 21001/76160 21001/82S190 21001/93510 2 1002/53 SI 681 21002/76161 2 1 002/82S 191 21002/93511 22001/2708 23001/93410 23002/9341 1 23003/93421 23 004/93 L420 23 101/82S10 23 102/82S1 1 23102/93425 23 1 03/93L4 1 5 23 104/93 L425 23403/54LS244 23501/TMS4060 23502/TMS4050 23503/TMS4060 23504/TMS4050 23505/MM5280 23506/MM5280 2360 1 /MCM6605 23602/MCM6604A 23 602/M KB4096 23603/MCM6605 2 3 604/M C M 6 604 A 2 3 604/M KB4096 2370 1 /AM9 1 30CFC 23 702/ AM 9 1 30 AFC 23703/AM9 1 30CDM 23 703/AM9 1 30CFM 23704/AM9 1 30ADM 23704/AM9 1 30AFM 23705/AM9 1 L30CF 23706/AM9 1 L30AF 23707/AM9 1 L30CDM 23707/AM9 1 L30CFM 23708/AM9 1 L30ADM 23708/AM9 1 L30AFM 23709/AM9140CFC 237 1 0/AM9 1 40 AFC 237 1 1/AM9 1 40CDM 2371 1/AM9140CFM 2371 2/AM9 1 40 ADM 2371 2/AM9 1 40AFM 237 1 3/AM9 1 L40CFC 237 1 4/AM9 1 L40AFC 237 1 5/AM9 1 L40CDM 237 1 5/AM9 1 L40CFM 237 1 6/ AM 9 1 L40ADM 237 1 6/AM9 1 L40AFM 1-101 Table 1-29. — Microcircuit Part Numbers to Circuit Type Crossover List — Continued M385 10/Ckt Type M3 85 10/Ckt Type M385 10/Ckt Type M385 10/Ckt Type M385 10/Ckt Type 23901/54C929 23901/6508 23902/54C930 23902/6518 24001/2117 24002/2117 24002/41 16 30001/54LS00 30002/54LS03 30003/54LS04 30004/54LS05 30005/54LS10 30006/54LS 1 2 30007/54LS20 30008/54LS22 30009/54LS30 30 1 0 1 /54LS73 30102/54LS74 30103/54LS1 12 30104/54LS1 13 30105/54LS1 14 30106/54LS174 30 1 07/54LS 1 75 30 1 08/54LS 1 07 30109/54LS109 301 10/54LS76 30201/54LS40 30202/54LS37 30203/54LS38 30204/54LS28 30301/54LS02 30302/54LS27 30303/54LS266 30401/54LS5 1 30401/9LS5 1 30402/54LS54 3 0402/9 LS54 30501/54LS32 30502/54LS86 3060 1/54LS 194 30602/54LS195 30603/54LS95 30605/54LS164 30606/54LS295 30607/54LS395 30608/54LS 165 30609/54LS166 30701/54LS138 30702/54LS139 30703/54LS42 30704/54LS47 30801/54LS181 3090 1/54LS 1 5 1 30902/54LS153 30903/54LS 1 57 30904/54LS158 30905/54LS25 1 30906/54LS257 30907/54LS258 30908/54LS253 30909/54LS298 31001/54LS1 1 3 1 002/54LS 1 5 3 1003/54LS2 1 3 1004/54LS08 3 1 005/54LS09 3 1 101/54LS85 3 1201/54LS83A 3 1202/54LS283 3 1 30 1/54LS 1 3 3 1 302/54LS 1 4 3 1 303/54LS 1 32 3 1401/54LS123 3 1402/54LS221 3 1 403/54LS 1 22 3 1501/54LS90 3 1 5 02/5 4 LS 93 3 1 503/54LS 1 60 3 1 504/54LS 1 6 1 3 1 505/54LS 1 68 3 1506/5 4 LSI 69 3 1 507/54LS 1 92 3 1 508/54LS193 3 1 509/54LS 1 9 1 3151 0/54LS92 3151 1/54LS162 3151 2/54LS 1 63 3151 3/54LS 1 90 3 1 60 1/54LS75 3 1 602/54LS279 3 1603/54LS259 3 1604/54LS375 3 1 70 1/54LS 1 24 3 1 702/54LS324 3 1 80 1 /54LS26 1 3 1901/54LS670 3200 1/54LS 196 32002/54LS197 32003/54LS290 32004/54LS293 32101/93415 32102/54LS26 32201/54LS365 32202/54LS366 32203/54LS367 32204/54LS368 32301/54LS125 32302/54LS126 32401/54LS240 32402/54LS241 32501/54LS273 32502/54LS373 32503/54LS374 32504/54LS377 3260 1/54LS 155 32602/54LS 1 56 32701/54LS390 32702/54LS393 32703/54LS490 32801/54LS242 32802/54LS243 32803/54LS245 32901/54LS280 33 106/25 LSI 74 33 1 07/25LS 175 3600 1/54LS 148 36002/54LS348 40001/6800 4200 1/8080 A 42 101/ 54S4 1 2 42101/8212 42201/8224 42301/8228 4400 1/2901 A 44101/2905 44102/2906 44103/2907 44104/2915 44105/2916 44106/2917 44201/2918 4600 1/9900 A 47001/1802 You can find more information on microcircuits by referring to Military Specification 38510 (MIL- M-38510), Military Standard 1562D (MIL-STD-1562D), and NEETS, Module 14, Introduction to M icroel ect ron i cs . Shipboard Announcing System Table 1-30 is a breakdown list of the shipboard announcing system matched to the circuit designator. 1-102 Table 1-30. — Shipboard Announcing System CIRCUIT *1MC SYSTEM General *2MC Propulsion plant *3MC Aviators' 4MC Damage Control *5MC Flight Deck *6MC Intership 7MC Submarine Control 8MC Troop administration and control *9MC Underwater troop communication *1()MC Dock Control (obsolete) *1 1-16MC Turret (obsolescent) *17MC Double Purpose Battery (obsolescent) 18MC Bridge 19MC Aviation Control *20MC Combat Information (obsolescent) 21MC Captain's Command 22MC Electronic Control r 23MC Electrical control 24MC Flag Command 25MC Ward Room (obsolescent) 26MC Machinery Control 27MC Sonar and Radar Control *28MC Squadron (obsolescent) 30MC Special Weapons 3 1MC Escape trunk 32MC Weapons control 33MC Gunnery Control (obsolescent) 34MC Lifeboat (obsolescent) 35MC Launcher Captains' 36MC Cable Control (obsolete) 37MC Special Navigation (obsolete) 38MC Electrical (obsolete) 39MC Cargo Handling 40MC Flag Administrative 41 MC Missile Control and Announce (obsolete) 42MC CIC Coordinating r 43MC Unassigned 44MC Instrumentation Space 45MC Research operations *46MC Aviation Ordnance and Missile Handling 47MC Torpedo Control 48MC Stores conveyor (obsolescent) 49MC Unassigned 50MC Integrated operational intelligence center 51MC Aircraft Maintenance and handling control 52MC Unassigned 1-103 Table 1-30. — Shipboard Announcing System — Continued CIRCUIT SYSTEM 53MC Ship Administrative 54MC Repair officer’s control 55MC Sonar Service 56MC Unassigned 57MC Unassigned 58MC Hanger Deck Damage Control 59MC SAMID Alert *- Central amplifier systems Shipboard Alarm and Warning Systems Table 1-31 is a breakdown list of the shipboard alarm and warning systems matched to a circuit designator. 1-104 Table 1-31. — Shipboard Alarm and Warning System CIRCUIT SYSTEM BZ Brig cell door alarm and lock operating BW Catapult Bridle Arresterman safety Ind. CX Bacteriological Lab. & Pharmacy Comb. Refer Failure DL Secure communications space door position alarm DW Wrong direction alarm EA Reactor compartment or fireroom emergency alarm 1EC Lubricating oil low pressure alarm-propulsion machinery 2EC Lubricating oil low pressure alarm-auxiliary machinery 1ED Generator high temperature alarm 2ED Oxygen-nitrogen generator plant low temperature alarm EF Generator bearing high temperature alarm EG Propeller pitch control, hydraulic oil system low pressure alarm EH Gas turbine exhaust high temperature alarm EJ Feed pressure alarm 1EK Pneumatic control air pressure alarm 3EK Catapult steam cutoff and alarm EL Radar cooling lines temperature and flow alarm EP Gas turbine lubricating oil high temperature alarm 1EQ Desuperheater high temperature alarm 2EQ Catapult steam trough high temperature alarm 3ES Reactor fill alarm ET Boiler temperature alarm EV Toxic vapor detector alarm 1EW Propulsion engines circulating water high temperature 2EW Auxiliary machinery circulating water high temperature EZ Condenser vacuum alarm F High temperature alarm 4F Combustion gas and smoke detector 9F High temperature alarm system-ASROC launcher I IF FBM storage area temperature and humidity alarm 12F Gyro ovens temperature and power failure alarm FD Flooding alarm FH Sprinkling alarm FR Carbon dioxide release alarm FS Flight Deck Readylight Signal system FZ Security alarm (CLASSIFIED) 4FZ Torpedeo alarm (CLASSIFIED) HF Air flow indicator and alarm LB Steering Emergency Signal system LS Submersible steering gear alarm MG Gas turbine overspeed alarm NE Nuclear facilities air particle detector alarm NH Navigation Horn Operating System 1-105 Table 1-31. — Shipboard Alarm and Warning System — Continued CIRCUIT SYSTEM QA Air lock warning QD Air filter and flame arrester pressure differential alarm, or gasoline compartment exhaust blower alarm QX Oxygen-nitrogen plant ventilation exhaust alarm RA Turret emergency alarm RD Safety observer warning RW Rocket and torpedo warning 4SN Scavenging air blower high temperature alarm SP Shaft position alarm TD Liquid level alarm 1TD Boiler water level alarm 2TD Deaerating feed tank water level alarm 5TD Reactor compartment bilge tank alarm 6TD Primary shield tank, expansion tank level alarm 7TD Reactor plant fresh water cooling expansion tank level alarm 8TD Reactor secondary shield tank level alarm 9TD Lubricating oil sump tank liquid level alarm 1 1TD Induction air sump alarm 12TD Diesel oil sea water compensating system tank liquid level alarm 14TD Auxiliary fresh water tank low level alarm 16TD Pure water storage tank low level alarm 17TD Reserve feed tank alarm 18TD Effluent tanks and contaminated laundry tank high level alarm 19TD Sea water expansion tank low level alarm 20TD Gasoline drain tank high level alarm 21TD Moisture separator drain cooler high level alarm 24TD Reactor plant on board discharge tank level alarm 25TD Crossover drains high level alarm 29TD Sonar dome fill tank low level alarm 30TD JP-5 fuel drain tank high level alarm TW Train Warning system W Whistle Operating System Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits Table 1-32 is a breakdown list of the sound-powered telephone circuits matched to circuit designators. 1-106 Table 1-32. — Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits CIRCUIT PRIMARY CIRCUITS TITLE JA Captain's battle circuit JC Weapons control circuit 10JC Missile battery control circuit JD Target detectors circuit JF Flag officer's circuit 1JG Aircraft control circuit 2JG Aircraft information circuit 2JG1 Aircraft strike coordination circuit 2JG2 Aircraft strike requirement and reporting circuit 2JG3 Aircraft information circuit CATTC direct line 3JG Aircraft service circuit 4JG1 Aviation fuel and vehicular control circuit 4JG2 Aviation fueling circuit forward 4JG3 Aviation fueling circuit aft 5JG1 Aviation ordnance circuit 5JG2 Aviation missile circuit 6JG Arresting gear and barricade control circuit 9JG Aircraft handling circuit 10JG Airborne aircraft information circuit 1 1JG Optical landing system control circuit JH Switchboard cross connecting circuit JL Lookouts circuit JK Double purpose fuse circuit JM Mine control circuit JN Illumination control circuit JO Switchboard operators circuit 2JP Dual purpose battery control circuit 4JP Heavy machine gun control circuit 5JP Light machine gun control circuit 6JP Torpedo control circuit 8JP ASW weapon control circuit 9JP Rocket battery control circuit 10JP Guided missile launcher control circuit 3JV Engineer's circuit (boiler) 4JV Engineer's circuit (fuel and stability) 5JV Engineer's circuit (electrical) 6JV Ballast control circuit 11JV Waste control circuit JW Ship control bearing circuit JX Radio and signals circuit 2JZ Damage and stability control 3JZ Main deck repair circuit 1-107 Table 1-32. — Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits — Continued CIRCUIT PRIMARY CIRCUITS TITLE 4JZ Forward repair circuit 5JZ After repair circuit 6JZ Midships repair circuit 7JZ Engineer's repair circuit 8JZ Flight deck repair circuit 9JZ Magazine sprinkling and ordnance repair circuit forward 10JZ Magazine sprinkling and ordnance repair circuit aft 11JZ Gallery deck and island repair circuit Table 1-32. — Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits CIRCUIT PRIMARY CIRCUITS TITLE Auxiliary Circuits XJA Auxiliary captain's battle circuit X1JG Auxiliary aircraft control circuit X1JV Auxiliary maneuvering and docking circuit XJX Auxiliary radio and signals circuit X2JZ Auxiliary damage and stability control circuit Supplementary Circuits X1J Ship administration circuit X2J Leadsman and anchor control circuit X3J Engineer watch officer's circuit X4J Degaussing control circuit X5J Machinery room control circuit X6J1 Electronic service circuit X6J7 ECM sendee circuit X6J11-14 NTDS sendee circuits X7J Radio-sonde information circuit 10JP1 Starboard launcher circuit 10JP2 Port launcher circuit 1 UP FBM checkout and control circuit JQ Double purpose sight setters circuit JR Debarkation control circuit JS Plotters' transfer switchboard circuit US CIC information circuit 2JS NTDS coordinating circuit No. 1 3JS NTDS coordinating circuit No. 2 20JS1 Evaluated radar information circuit 20JS2 Evaluator's circuit 20JS3 Radar control officer's circuit Table 1-32. — Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits — Continued CIRCUIT PRIMARY CIRCUITS TITLE SUPPLEMENTARY CIRCUITS (CONTINUED) 20JS4 21 JS Weapons liaison officers circuit Surface search radar circuit 22 JS Long range air search radar circuit 23JS Medium range air search radar circuit 24 JS Range height finder radar circuit 25JS AEW radar circuit 26JS Radar information circuit 31JS Track analyzer No. 1 air radar information check 32JS Track analyzer No. 2 air radar information check 33JS Track analyzer No. 3 air radar information check 34JS Track analyzer No. 4 air radar information check 35JS Raid air radar information circuit 36JS Combat air patrol air radar information circuit 61 JS Sonar information circuit 80JS ECM plotters’ circuit 81JS ECM information circuit 82 JS Supplementary radio circuit JT Target designation control circuit 1JV Maneuvering and docking circuit 2JV Engineers' circuit (engines) X8J Replenishment-at-sea circuit X9J Radar trainer circuit X10J Cargo transfer control circuit X10J1 Cargo transfer circuit-Lower decks X10J10 Cargo transfer circuit-Upper decks XI 1 J Captain's and admiral’s cruising circuit X12J Capstan control circuits X13J Aircraft crane control circuits X14J Missile handling and nuclear trunk crane circuit X15J SINS information circuit X16J Aircraft elevator circuit X17J 5-inch ammunition hoist circuit X18J Machine gun ammunition hoist circuits X19J Missile component elevator circuit X20J Weapons elevator circuits X21J Catapult circuit X22J Catapult steam control circuit X23J Stores conveyor circuit X24J Cargo elevator circuit X25J Sonar sendee circuit X26J Jet engine test circuit X28J Dumbwaiter circuit Table 1-32. — Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits — Continued CIRCUIT PRIMARY CIRCUITS TITLE SUPPLEMENTARY CIRCUITS (CONTINUED) X29J Timing and recording circuit X34J Alignment cart sendee circuit X40J Casualty communication circuit X41J Special weapons shop service circuit X42J Missile assembly and handling circuit X43J Weapons system service circuit X44J ASROC service circuit X45J Special weapons security circuit X50J Fog foam circuit X61J Nuclear support facilities operations and handling circuit Screw, Drill, and Tap Data Table 1-33 contains machine screw information, such as threads per inch, drill, and tap information. 1-110 Table 1-33. — Screw, Drill, and Tap Data MACHINE THREADS CLEARANCE SCREW PER INCH DRILL TAP DRILL NO. DIA. COARSE FINE NO. DIA. NO. DIA. 0 0.060 80 52 0.063 56 0.046 1 0.073 64 72 47 0.078 53 0.059 2 0.086 56 64 42 0.093 50 0.079 48 47 0.079 3 0.099 56 37 0.104 45 0.082 40 43 0.089 4 0.112 48 31 0.120 42 0.093 40 38 0.101 5 0.125 44 29 0.136 37 0.104 32 36 0.107 6 0.138 40 27 0.144 33 0.113 32 29 0.136 8 0.164 36 18 0.169 29 0.136 24 25 0.149 10 0.190 32 9 .196 21 0.159 24 16 0.177 12 0.216 28 .228 14 0.182 20 7 .201 1/4 0.250 28 17/64 3 .213 *Size for use in hand-topping brass or soft steel; for copper, aluminum, bakelite, or similar material use one size larger. Logarithms, Common Table 1-34 is a seven-place table of logarithms. 1-111 Table 1-34. — Common Logarithms 234567 8 9 10 0000000 0043214 0086002 0128372 0170333 0211893 0253059 0293838 0334238 0374265 11 0413927 0453230 0492180 0530784 0569049 0606978 0644580 0681859 0718820 0755470 12 0791812 0327854 0863598 0899051 0934217 0969100 1003705 1038037 1072100 1105897 13 1139434 1172713 1205739 1238516 1271048 1303338 1335389 1367206 1398791 1430148 14 1461280 1492191 1522883 1553360 1583625 1613680 1643529 1673173 1702617 1731863 15 1760913 1789769 1818436 1846914 1875207 1903317 1931246 1958997 1986571 2013971 16 2041200 2068259 2095150 2121876 2148438 2174839 2201081 2227165 2253093 2278867 17 2304489 2329961 2355284 2380461 2405492 2430380 2455127 2479733 2504200 2528530 18 2552725 2576786 2600714 2624511 2648178 2671717 2695129 2718416 2741578 2764618 19 2787536 2810334 2833012 2855573 2878017 2900346 2922561 2944662 2966652 2988531 20 3010300 3031961 3053514 3074960 3096302 3117539 3138672 3159703 3180633 3201463 21 3222193 3242825 3263359 3283796 3304138 3324385 3324538 3364597 3384565 3404441 22 3424227 3443923 3463530 3483049 3502480 3521825 3541084 3560259 3579348 3598355 23 3617278 3636120 3654880 3673559 3692159 3710679 3729120 3747483 3765770 3783979 24 3802112 3820170 3838154 3856063 3873898 3891661 3909351 3926970 3944517 3961993 25 3979400 3996737 4014005 4031205 4048337 4065402 4082400 409933 1 4116197 4132998 26 4149733 4166405 4183013 4199557 4216039 4232459 4248816 4265113 4281348 4297523 27 4313638 4329693 4345689 4361626 4377506 4393327 4409091 4424798 4440448 4456042 28 4471580 4487063 4502491 4517864 4533183 4548449 4563660 4578819 4593925 4608978 29 4623980 4638930 4653829 4668676 4683473 4698220 4712917 4727564 4742163 4756712 30 4771213 4785665 4800069 4814426 4828736 4842998 4857214 4871384 4885507 4899585 31 4913617 4927604 4941546 4955443 4969296 4983106 4996871 5010593 5024271 5037907 32 5051500 5065050 5078559 5092025 5105450 5118834 5132176 5145478 5158738 5171959 33 5185139 5198280 5211381 5224442 5237465 5250448 5263393 5276299 5289167 5301997 34 5314789 5327544 5340261 5352941 5365584 5378191 5390761 5403295 5415792 5428254 35 5440680 5453071 5465427 5477747 5490033 5502284 5514500 5526682 5538830 5505944 36 5563025 5575072 5587086 5599066 5611014 5622929 563481 1 5646661 5658478 5670264 37 5682017 5693739 5705429 5717088 5728716 5740313 5751878 5763414 5774918 5786392 38 5797836 5809250 5820634 5831988 5843312 5854607 5865873 5877110 5888317 5899496 39 5910646 5921768 5932861 5943926 5954962 5965971 5976952 5987905 5998831 6009729 40 6020600 6031444 6042261 6053050 6063814 6074550 6085260 605944 6106602 6117233 41 6127839 6138418 6148972 6159501 6170003 6180481 6190933 6201361 6211763 6222140 42 6232493 6242821 6253125 6263404 6273659 6283889 6294096 6304279 6314438 6324573 43 6334685 6344773 6354837 6364879 6374897 6384893 6394865 6404814 6414741 6424645 44 6434527 6444386 6454223 6464037 6473830 6483600 6493349 6503075 6512780 6522463 45 6532125 6541765 6551384 6560982 6570559 6580114 6589648 6599162 6608655 6618127 46 6627578 6637099 6646420 6655810 6665180 6674530 6683859 6693169 6702459 6711728 47 6720979 6730209 6739420 6748611 6757783 6766936 6776070 6785184 6794279 6803355 48 6812412 6821451 6830470 6839471 6848454 6857417 6866363 6875290 6884198 6893089 49 6901961 6910815 6919651 6928469 6937269 6946052 6954817 6963564 6972293 6981005 50 6989700 6998377 7007037 7015680 7024305 7032914 7041505 7050080 7058637 7067178 51 7075702 7084209 7092700 7101174 7109631 7118072 7126497 7134905 7143298 7151674 52 7160033 7168377 7176705 7185017 7193313 7201593 7209857 7218106 7226339 7234557 53 54 7242759 7323938 7250945 7331973 7259116 7339993 7267272 7347998 7275413 7355989 7283538 7363965 7291648 7371926 7299743 7379873 7307823 7387806 7315888 7395723 1-112 Table 1-34. — Common Logarithms — Continued N i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 55 7403627 7411516 7419391 7427251 7435098 7442930 7450748 7458552 7466342 7474118 56 7481980 7489629 7497363 7505084 7512791 7520484 7528164 7535831 7543483 7551123 57 7338749 7566361 7573960 7581546 7589119 7596678 7604225 7611758 7619278 7626786 58 7634280 7641761 7649230 7656686 7664128 7671559 7678976 7686381 7693773 7701153 59 7708520 7715875 7723217 7730547 7737864 7745170 7752463 7759743 7767012 7774268 60 7781513 7788745 7795965 7803173 7810369 7817554 7824726 7831887 7839036 7846173 61 7853298 7860412 7867514 7874605 7881684 7888751 7895807 7901852 7909885 7916906 62 7923917 7930916 7937904 7944880 7951846 7958800 7965743 7972675 7979596 7986506 63 7993405 8000294 8007171 8014037 8020893 8027737 8034571 8041394 8048207 8055009 64 8061800 8068580 8075350 8082110 8088859 8095597 8102325 8109043 8115750 8122447 65 8129134 8135810 8142476 8149132 8155777 8162413 8169038 8175654 8182259 8188854 66 8195439 8202015 8208580 8215135 8221681 8228216 8234742 8241258 8247765 8254261 67 8260748 8267225 8273693 8280151 8286599 8293038 8299467 8305887 8312297 8318698 68 8325089 8331471 8337844 8344207 8350561 8256906 8363241 8369567 8375884 8382192 69 8388491 8394780 8401061 8407332 8413505 8419848 8426092 8432328 8438554 8444772 70 8450980 8457180 8463371 8469553 8475727 8481891 8488047 8494194 8500333 8506462 71 8512583 8518696 8524800 8530895 8536982 8543060 8549130 8555192 8561244 8567289 72 8573325 8579353 8585372 8591383 8597386 8603380 8609366 8615344 8621314 8627275 73 8633229 8639174 8645111 8651040 8656961 8662873 8668778 8674675 8680564 8686444 74 8692317 8698182 8704039 8709888 8715729 8721563 8727388 8733206 8739016 8744818 75 8750613 8756399 8762178 8768950 8773713 8779470 8785218 8790959 8796692 8802418 76 8808136 8813847 8819550 8825245 8830934 8836614 8842288 8847954 8853612 8859263 77 8864907 8870544 8876173 8881795 8887410 8893017 8898617 8904210 8909796 8915375 78 8920946 8926510 8932068 8937618 8943161 8948697 8954225 8959747 8965262 8970770 79 8976271 8981765 8987252 8992732 8998205 9003671 9009131 9014583 9020029 9025468 80 9030900 9036325 9041744 9047155 9052560 9057959 9063350 9068735 9074114 9079485 81 9084850 9090209 9095560 9100905 9106244 9111576 9116902 9122221 9127533 9132839 82 9138139 9143432 9148718 9153998 9159272 9164539 9169800 9175055 9180303 9185545 83 9190781 9196010 9201233 9206450 9211661 9216865 9222063 9227255 9232440 9237620 84 9242793 9247960 9253121 9258276 9263424 9268567 9273704 9278834 9283959 9289077 85 9294189 9299296 9304396 9309490 9314579 9319661 9324738 9329808 9334873 9339932 86 9344985 9350032 9355073 9360108 9365137 9370161 9375179 9380191 9385197 9390198 87 9395193 9400182 9405165 9410142 9415114 9420081 9425041 9429996 9434945 9439889 88 9444827 9449759 9454686 9459607 9464523 9469433 9474337 9479236 9484130 9489018 89 9493900 9498777 9503649 9508515 9513375 9518230 9523080 9527924 9532763 9537597 90 9542425 9547248 9552065 9556878 9561684 9566486 9571282 9576073 9580858 9585639 91 9590414 9595184 9599948 9604708 9609462 9614211 9618955 9623693 9628427 9633155 92 9637878 9642596 9647309 9652017 9656720 9661417 9666110 9670797 9675480 9680157 93 9684829 9689497 9694159 9698816 9703469 9708116 9712758 9717396 9722028 9726656 94 9731279 9735896 9740509 9745117 9749720 9754318 9758911 9763500 9768083 9772662 95 9777236 9781805 9786369 9790929 9795484 9800034 9804579 9809119 9813655 9818186 96 9822712 9827234 9831751 9836263 9840770 9845273 9849771 9854265 9858754 9863238 97 9867717 9872192 9876663 9881128 9885590 9890046 9894498 9898946 9903389 9907827 98 9912261 9916690 9921115 9925535 992995 1 9934362 9938769 9943172 9947569 9951963 99 9956352 9960737 9965117 9969492 9973864 9978231 9982593 9986952 9991305 9995655 Trigonometric Functions Table 1-35 is a table of trigonometric functions. 1-113 Table 1-35.— Trigonometric Functions deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 0.0 .00000 1.0000 .00000 90.0 4.0 .06976 0.9976 .06993 14.301 86.0 .1 .00175 1.0000 .00175 573.0 .9 .1 .07150 .9974 .07168 13.951 .9 .2 .00349 1.0000 .00349 286.5 .8 .2 .07324 .9973 .07344 13.617 .8 .3 .00524 1.0000 .00524 191.0 .7 .3 .07498 .9972 .17519 13.300 .7 .4 .00698 1.0000 .00698 143.24 .6 .4 .07672 .9971 .07695 12.996 .6 .5 .00873 1.0000 .00873 114.59 .5 .5 .07846 .9969 .07870 12.706 .5 .6 .01047 0.9999 .10147 95.49 .4 .6 .08020 .9968 .08046 12.429 .4 .7 .01222 .9999 .01222 81.85 .3 .7 .08194 .9966 .08221 12.163 .3 .8 .01396 .9999 .01396 71.62 .2 .8 .08368 .9965 .08397 11.909 .2 .9 .01571 .9999 .01571 63.66 .1 .9 .08542 .9963 .08573 11.664 .1 1.0 .01745 0.9998 .01746 57.20 89.0 5.0 .08716 0.9962 .08749 11.430 85.0 .1 .01920 .9998 .01920 52.08 .9 .1 .08889 .9960 .089215 11.205 .9 .2 .02094 .9998 .02095 47.74 .8 .2 .09063 .9959 .09101 10.988 .8 .3 .02269 .9997 .02269 44.07 .7 .3 .09237 .9957 .09277 10.780 .7 .4 .02443 .9997 .02444 40.92 .6 .4 .09411 .9956 .09453 10.579 .6 .5 .02618 .9997 .02619 38.19 .5 .5 .09585 .9954 .09629 10.385 .5 .6 .02792 .9996 .02793 35.80 .4 .6 .09758 .9952 .09805 10.199 .4 .7 .02967 .9996 .02968 33.69 .4 .7 .09932 .9951 .09981 10.019 .3 .8 .03141 .9995 .03143 31.82 .2 .8 .10106 .9949 .10158 9.845 .2 .9 .03316 .9995 .03317 30.14 .1 .9 .10279 .9947 .10334 9.677 .1 2.0 .03490 0.9994 .03492 28.64 88.0 6.0 .10453 0.9945 .10510 9.514 84.0 .1 .03664 .9993 .03667 27.27 .9 .1 .10626 .9943 .10687 9.357 .9 .2 .03839 .9993 .03842 26.03 .8 .2 .10800 .9942 .10863 9.205 .8 .3 .04013 .9992 .04016 24.90 .7 .3 .10973 .9940 .11040 9.058 .7 .4 .04188 .9991 .04191 23.86 .6 .4 .11147 .9938 .11217 8.915 .6 .5 .04362 .9990 .04366 22.90 .5 .5 .11320 .9936 .11394 8.777 .5 .6 .04536 .9990 .04541 22.02 .4 .6 .11494 .9934 .11570 8.643 .4 .7 .04711 .9989 .04716 21.20 .3 .7 .11667 .9932 .11747 8.513 .3 .8 .04885 .9988 .04891 20.45 .2 .8 .11840 .9930 .11924 8.386 .2 .9 .05059 .9987 .05066 19.74 .1 .9 .12014 .9928 .12101 8.264 .1 3.0 .05234 0.9986 .05241 19.081 87.0 7.0 .12187 0.9925 .12278 8.144 83.0 .1 .05408 .9985 .05416 18.464 .9 .1 .12360 .9923 .12456 8.028 .9 .2 .05582 .9984 .05591 17.886 .8 .2 .12533 .9921 .12633 7.916 .8 .3 .05756 .9983 .05766 17.343 .7 .3 .12706 .9919 .12810 7.806 .7 .4 .05931 .9982 .05941 16.832 .6 .4 .12880 .9917 .12988 7.700 .6 .5 .06105 .9981 .06116 16.350 .5 .5 .13053 .9914 .13165 7.596 .5 .6 .06279 .9980 .06291 15.895 .4 .6 .13226 .9912 .13343 7.495 .4 .7 .06453 .9979 .06467 15.464 .3 .7 .13399 .9910 .13521 7.396 .3 .8 .06627 .9978 .06642 15.056 .2 .8 .13572 .9907 .13698 7.300 .2 .9 .06802 .9977 .06817 14.669 .1 .9 .13744 .9905 .13876 7.207 .1 COS sin cot tan deg COS sin cot tan 1-114 Table 1-35.— Trigonometric Functions— Continued deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 8.0 .13917 0.9903 .14054 7.115 82.0 12.0 0.2079 0.9781 0.2126 4.705 78.0 .1 .14090 .9900 .14232 7.026 .9 .1 .2096 .9778 .2144 4.665 .9 .2 . 1 4263 .9898 .14410 6.940 .8 .2 .2133 .9774 .2162 4.625 .8 .3 .14436 .9895 .14588 6.855 .7 .3 .2130 .9770 .2180 4.586 .7 .4 .14608 .9893 .14767 6.772 .6 .4 .2147 .9767 .2199 4.548 .6 .5 .14781 .9890 .14945 6.691 .5 .5 .2164 .9763 .2217 4.511 .5 .6 .14954 .9888 .15124 6.612 .4 .6 .2181 .9759 .2235 4.474 .4 .7 .15126 .9885 .15302 6.535 .3 .7 .2198 .9755 .2254 4.437 .3 .8 .15299 .9882 .15481 6.460 .2 .8 .2215 .9751 .2272 4.402 .2 .9 .15471 .9880 .15660 6.386 .1 .9 .2233 .9748 .2290 4.366 .1 9.0 .15643 0.9877 .15836 6.314 81.0 13.0 0.2250 0.9744 0.2309 4.331 77.0 .1 .15816 .9874 .16017 6.243 .9 .1 .2267 .9740 .2327 4.297 .9 .2 .15988 .9871 .16196 6.174 .8 .2 .2284 .9736 .2345 4.264 .8 .3 .16160 .9869 .16376 6.107 .7 .3 .2300 .9732 .2364 4.230 .7 .4 .16333 .9866 .16555 6.041 .6 .4 .2317 .9728 .2382 4.198 .6 .5 .16505 .9863 .16734 5.976 .5 .5 .2334 .9724 .2401 4.165 .5 .6 .16677 .9860 .16914 5.912 .4 .6 .2351 .9720 .2419 4.134 .4 .7 .16849 .9857 .17093 5.850 .3 .7 .2368 .9715 .2438 4.102 .3 .8 .17021 .9854 .17273 5.789 .2 .8 .2385 .9711 .2456 4.071 .2 .9 .17193 .9851 .17453 5.730 .1 .9 .2402 .9707 .2475 4.041 .1 10.0 .1736 0.9848 .1763 5.671 80.0 14.0 0.2419 0.9703 0.2493 4.011 76.0 .1 .1754 .9845 .1781 5.614 .9 .1 .2436 .9699 .2512 3.981 .9 .2 .1771 .9842 .1799 5.558 .8 .2 .2453 .9694 .2530 3.952 .8 .3 .1788 .9839 .1817 5.503 .7 .3 .2470 .9680 .2549 3.923 .7 .4 .1805 .9836 .1835 5.449 .6 .4 .2487 .9686 .2568 3.895 .6 .5 .1822 .9833 .1853 5.396 .5 .5 .2504 .9681 .2586 3.867 .5 .6 .1840 .9829 .1871 5.343 .4 .6 .2521 .9677 .2605 3.839 .4 .7 .1857 .9826 .1890 5.292 .3 .7 .2538 .9673 .2623 3.812 .3 .8 .1874 .9823 .1908 5.242 .2 .8 .2554 .9668 .2642 3.785 .2 .9 .1891 .9820 .1926 5.193 .1 .9 .2571 .9664 .2661 3.758 .1 11.0 .1908 0.9816 .1944 5.145 79.0 15.0 0.2588 0.9659 0.2679 3.732 75.0 .1 .1925 .9813 .1962 5.097 .9 .1 .2605 .9655 .2698 3.706 .9 .2 .1942 .9810 .1980 5.050 .8 .2 .2622 .9650 .2717 3.681 .8 .3 .1959 .9806 .1998 5.005 .7 .3 .2639 .9646 .2736 3.655 .7 .4 .1977 .9803 .2016 4.959 .6 .4 .2656 .9641 .2754 3.630 .6 .5 .1994 .9799 .2035 4.915 .5 .5 .2672 .9636 .2773 3.606 .5 .6 .2011 .9796 .2053 4.872 .4 .6 .2689 .9632 .2792 3.582 .4 .7 .2028 .9792 .2071 4.829 .3 .7 .2706 .9627 .2811 3.558 .3 .8 .2045 .9789 .2089 4.787 .2 .8 .2723 .9622 .2830 3.534 .2 .9 .2062 .9785 .2107 4.745 .1 .9 .2740 .9617 .2849 3.511 .2 COS sin cot tan deg COS sin cot tan deg 1-115 Table 1-35.— Trigonometric Functions— Continued deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 16.0 0.2756 0.9613 0.2867 3.487 74.0 20.0 0.3420 0.9397 0.3640 2.747 70.0 .1 .2773 .9608 .2886 3.465 .9 .1 .3437 .9391 .3659 2.733 .9 .2 .2790 .9603 .2905 3.442 .8 .2 .3453 .9385 .3679 2.718 .8 .3 .2807 .9598 .2924 3.420 .7 .3 .3469 .9379 .3699 2.703 .7 .4 .2823 .9593 .2943 3.398 .6 .4 .3486 .9373 .3719 2.689 .6 .5 .2840 .9588 .2962 3.376 .5 .5 .3502 .9367 .3739 2.675 .5 .6 .2857 .9583 .2981 3.354 .4 .6 .3518 .9361 .3759 2.660 .4 .7 .2874 .9578 .3000 3.333 .3 .7 .3535 .9354 .3779 2.646 .3 .8 .2890 .9573 .3019 3.312 .2 .8 .3551 .9348 .3799 2.633 .2 .9 .2907 .9568 .3038 3.291 .1 .9 .3567 .9342 .3819 2.619 .1 17.0 0.2924 0.9563 0.3067 3.271 73.0 21.0 0.3584 0.9336 0.3839 2.605 69.0 .1 .2940 .9558 .3076 3.271 .9 .1 .3600 .9330 .3859 2.592 .9 .2 .2957 .9553 .3096 3.230 .8 .2 .3616 .9323 .3879 2.578 .8 .3 .2974 .9548 .3115 3.211 .7 .3 .3633 .9317 .3899 2.565 .7 .4 .2990 .9542 .3134 3.191 .6 .4 .3649 .9311 .3919 2.552 .6 .5 .3007 .9537 .3153 3.172 .5 .5 .3665 .9304 .3939 2.539 .5 .6 .3024 .9532 .3172 3.152 .4 .6 .3681 .9298 .3959 2.526 .4 .7 .3040 .9527 .3191 3.133 .3 .7 .3697 .9291 .3979 2.513 .3 .8 .3057 .9521 .3211 3.115 .2 .8 .3714 .9285 .4000 2.500 .2 .9 .3074 .9516 .3230 3.096 .1 .9 .3730 .9278 .4020 2.488 .1 18.0 0.3090 0.9511 0.3249 3.078 72.0 22.0 0.3746 0.9272 0.4040 2.475 68.0 .1 .3107 .9505 .3269 3.060 .9 .1 .3762 .9265 .4061 2.463 .9 .2 .3123 .9500 .3288 3.042 .8 .2 .3778 .9259 .4081 2.450 .8 .3 .3140 .9494 .3307 3.024 .7 .3 .3795 .9252 .4101 2.438 .7 .4 .3156 .9489 .3327 3.006 .6 .4 .3811 .9245 .4122 2.426 .6 .5 .3173 .9483 .3346 2.989 .5 .5 .3727 .9239 .4142 2.414 .5 .6 .3190 .9478 .3365 2.971 .4 .6 .3843 .9232 .4163 2.402 .4 .7 .3206 .9472 .3385 2.954 .3 .7 .3859 .9225 .4183 2.391 .3 .8 .3223 .9466 .3404 2.937 .2 .8 .3875 .9219 .4204 2.379 .2 .9 .3239 .9461 .3424 2.921 .1 .9 .3891 .9212 .4224 2.367 .1 19.0 0.3256 0.9455 0.3443 2.904 71.0 23.0 0.3907 0.9205 0.4245 2.356 67.0 .1 .3272 .9449 .3463 2.888 .9 .1 .3923 .9198 .4265 2.344 .9 .2 .3289 .9444 .3482 2.872 .8 .2 .3939 .9191 .4286 2.333 .8 .3 .3305 .9438 .3502 2.856 .7 .3 .3955 .9184 .4307 2.322 .7 .4 .3322 .9432 .3522 2.840 .6 .4 .3971 .9178 .4327 2.311 .6 .5 .3338 .9426 .3541 2.824 .5 .5 .3987 .9171 .4348 2.300 .5 .6 .3355 .9421 .3561 2.808 .4 .6 .4003 .9164 .4369 2.289 .4 .7 .3371 .9415 .3581 2.793 .3 .7 .4019 .9157 .4390 2.278 .3 .8 .3387 .9409 .3600 2.778 .2 .8 .4035 .9150 .4411 2.267 .2 .9 .3403 .9403 .3620 2.762 .1 .9 .4051 .9143 .4431 2.257 .1 COS sin cot tan deg COS sin cot tan deg 1-116 Table 1-35.— Trigonometric Functions— Continued deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 24.0 0.4067 0.9135 0.4452 2.246 66.0 28.0 0.4695 0.8829 0.5317 1.881 62.0 .1 .4083 .9128 .4473 2.236 .9 .1 .4710 .8821 .5340 1.873 .9 .2 .4099 .9121 .4494 2.225 .8 .2 .4726 .8813 .5362 1.865 .8 .3 .4115 .9114 .4515 2.215 .7 .3 .4741 .8805 .5384 1.857 .7 .4 .4131 .9107 .4536 2.204 .6 .4 .4756 .8796 .5407 1.849 .6 .5 .4147 .9100 .4557 2.194 .5 .5 .4772 .8788 .5430 1.842 .5 .6 .4163 .9092 .4578 2.184 .4 .6 .4787 .8780 .5452 1.834 .4 .7 .4179 .9085 .4599 2.174 .3 .7 .4802 .8771 .5475 1.827 .3 .8 .4195 .9078 .4621 2.164 .2 .8 .4818 .8763 .5498 1.819 .2 .9 .4210 .9070 .4642 2.154 .1 .9 .4833 .8755 .5520 1.811 .1 25.0 0.4226 0.9063 0.4663 2.145 65.0 29.0 0.4848 0.8746 0.5543 1.804 61.0 .1 .4242 .9056 .4684 2.135 .9 .1 .4863 .8738 .5566 1.797 .9 .2 .4258 .9048 .4706 2.125 .8 .2 .4879 .8729 .5589 1.789 .8 .3 .4274 .9041 .4727 2.116 .7 .3 .4894 .8721 .5612 1.782 .7 .4 .4289 .9033 .4748 2.106 .6 .4 .4909 .8712 .5635 1.775 .6 .5 .4305 .9028 .4770 2.097 .5 .5 .4924 .8704 .5658 1.767 .5 .6 .4321 .9018 .4791 2.087 .4 .6 .4939 .8695 .5681 1.760 .4 .7 .4337 .9011 .4813 2.078 .3 .7 .4955 .8686 .5704 1.753 .3 .8 .4352 .9003 .4834 2.069 .2 .8 .4970 .8678 .5726 1.746 .2 .9 .4368 .8996 .4856 2.059 .1 .9 .4985 .8669 .5750 1.739 .1 26.0 0.4384 0.8988 0.4877 2.050 64.0 30.0 0.5000 0.8660 0.5774 1.7321 60.0 .1 .4399 .8980 .4899 2.041 .9 .1 .5015 .8652 .5797 1.7251 .9 .2 .4415 .8973 .4921 2.032 .8 .2 .5030 .8643 .5820 1.7162 .8 .3 .4431 .8965 .4942 2.023 .7 .3 .5045 .8634 .5844 1.7113 .7 .4 .4446 .8957 .4964 2.014 .6 .4 .5040 .8625 .5867 1.7045 .6 .5 .4462 .8949 .4986 2.006 .5 .5 .5075 .8616 .5890 1.6977 .5 .6 .4478 .8942 .5008 1.997 .4 .6 .5090 .8607 .5914 1.6909 .4 .7 .4493 .8934 .5029 1.988 .3 .7 .5105 .8599 .5938 1.6842 .3 .8 .4509 .8926 .5051 1.980 .2 .8 .5120 .8590 .5961 1.6715 .2 .9 .4524 .8918 .5073 1.971 .1 .9 .5135 .8581 .5985 1.6709 .1 27.0 0.4540 0.8910 0.5095 1.963 63.0 31.0 0.5150 0.8572 0.6009 1.6643 59.0 .1 .4555 .8902 .5117 1.954 .9 .1 .5165 .8643 .6032 1.6577 .9 .2 .4571 .8894 .5139 1.946 .8 .2 .5180 .8554 .6056 1.6512 .8 .3 .4586 .8886 .5161 1.937 .7 .3 .5195 .8545 .6080 1.6447 .7 .4 .4602 .8878 .5184 1.929 .6 .4 .5210 .8536 .6104 1.6383 .6 .5 .4617 .8870 .5206 1.921 .5 .5 .5225 .8526 .6128 1.6319 .5 .6 .4633 .8862 .5228 1.913 .4 .6 .5240 .8517 .6152 1.6255 .4 .7 .4648 .8854 .5250 1.905 .3 .7 .5255 .8508 .6176 1.6191 .3 .8 .4664 .8846 .5272 1.897 .2 .8 .5270 .8499 .6200 1.6128 .2 .9 .4679 .8838 .5295 1.889 .1 .9 .5284 .8490 .6224 1.6066 .1 COS sin cot tan deg COS sin cot tan deg 1-117 Table 1-35.— Trigonometric Functions— Continued deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 32.0 0.5299 0.8480 0.6249 1.6003 58.0 36.0 .05878 0.8090 0.7265 1.3764 54.0 .1 .5314 .8471 .6273 1.5941 .9 .1 .5892 .8080 .7292 1.3713 .9 .2 .5329 .8462 .6297 1.5880 .8 .2 .5906 .8070 .7319 1.3663 .8 .3 .5344 .8453 .6322 1.5818 .7 .3 .5920 .8059 .7346 1.3613 .7 .4 .5358 .8443 .6346 1.5757 .6 .4 .5934 .8049 .7373 1.3564 .6 .5 .5373 .8434 .6371 1.5697 .5 .5 .5948 .8039 .7400 1.3514 .5 .6 .5388 .8425 .6395 1.5637 .4 .6 .5962 .8028 .7427 1.3465 .4 .7 .5402 .8415 .6420 1.5577 .3 .7 .5976 .8018 .7454 1.3416 .3 .8 .5417 .8406 .6445 1.5517 .2 .8 .5990 .8007 .7481 1.3367 .2 .9 .5432 .8396 .6469 1.5458 .1 .9 .6004 .7997 .7508 1.3319 .1 33.0 0.5446 0.8387 0.6494 1.5399 57.0 37.0 0.6018 0.7986 0.7536 1.3270 53.0 .1 .5461 .8377 .6519 1.5340 .9 .1 .6032 .7976 .7563 1.3222 .9 .2 .5476 .8368 .6544 1.5282 .8 .2 .6046 .7965 .7590 1.3175 .8 .3 .5490 .8358 .6569 1.5224 .7 .3 .6060 .7955 .7518 1.3127 .7 .4 .5505 .8348 .6594 1.5166 .6 .4 .6074 .7944 .7646 1.3079 .6 .5 .5519 .8339 .6619 1.5108 .5 .5 .6088 .7934 .7673 1.3032 .5 .6 .5534 .8329 .6644 1.5051 .4 .6 .6101 .7923 .7701 1.2985 .4 .7 .5548 .8320 .6669 1 .4994 .3 .7 .6115 .7912 .7729 1.2938 .3 .8 .5563 .8310 .6694 1.4938 .2 .8 .6129 .7902 .7757 1.2892 .2 .9 .5577 .8300 .6720 1.4882 .1 .9 .6143 .7891 .7785 1.2846 .1 34.0 0.5592 0.8290 0.6745 1.4826 56.0 38.0 0.6157 0.7880 0.7813 1.2799 52.0 .1 .5606 .8281 .6771 1.4770 .9 .1 .6170 .7869 .7841 1.2753 .9 .2 .5621 .8271 .6796 1.4715 .8 .2 .6184 .7859 .7869 1.2708 .8 .3 .5635 .8261 .6822 1.4659 .7 .3 .6198 .7848 .7898 1.2662 .7 .4 .5650 .8251 .6847 1.4605 .6 .4 .6211 .7837 .7926 1.2617 .6 .5 .5664 .8241 .6873 1.4550 .5 .5 .6225 .7826 .7954 1.2572 .5 .6 .5678 .8231 .6899 1.4496 .4 .6 .6239 .7815 .7983 1.2527 .4 .7 .5693 .8221 .6924 1 .4442 .3 .7 .6252 .7804 .8012 1.2482 .3 .8 .5707 .8211 .6950 1.4388 .2 .8 .6266 .7793 .8040 1.2437 .2 .9 .5721 .8202 .6970 1.4335 .1 .9 .6280 .7782 .8069 1.2393 .1 35.0 0.5736 0.8192 0.7002 1.4281 55.0 39.0 0.6293 0.7771 0.8098 1.2349 51.0 .1 .5750 .8181 .7028 1 .4229 .9 .1 .6307 .7760 .8127 1.2305 .9 .2 .5764 .8171 .7054 1.4176 .8 .2 .6320 .7749 .8156 1.2261 .8 .3 .5779 .8161 .7080 1.4124 .7 .3 .6334 .7738 .8185 1.2218 .7 .4 .5793 .8151 .7107 1.4071 .6 .4 .6347 .7727 .8214 1.2174 .6 .5 .5807 .8141 .7133 1.4019 .5 .5 .6361 .7716 .8243 1.2131 .5 .6 .5821 .8131 .7159 1.3968 .4 .6 .6474 .7705 .8273 1.2088 .4 .7 .5835 .8121 .7186 1.3916 .3 .7 .6388 .7694 .8302 1 .2045 .3 .8 .5850 .8111 .7212 1.3865 .2 .8 .6401 .7683 .8332 1.2002 .2 .9 .5864 .8100 .7239 1.3814 .1 .9 .6414 .7672 .8361 1.1960 .1 COS sin cot tan deg COS sin cot tan deg 1-118 Table 1-35.— Trigonometric Functions— Continued deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 40.0 0.6428 0.7660 0.8291 1.1918 50.0 43.0 0.6820 0.7314 0.9325 1.0724 47.0 .1 .6441 .7649 .8421 1.1875 .9 .1 .6833 .7302 .9358 1.0686 .9 .2 .6455 .7638 .8451 1.1833 .8 .2 .6845 .7290 .9391 1.0649 .8 .3 .6468 .7627 .8481 1.1792 .7 .3 .6858 .7278 .9424 1.0612 .7 .4 .6481 .7615 .8511 1.1750 .6 .4 .6871 .7266 .9457 1.0575 .6 .5 .6494 .7604 .8541 1.1708 .5 .5 .6884 .7254 .9490 1.0538 .5 .6 .6508 .7593 .8571 1.1667 .4 .6 .6896 .7242 .9523 1.0501 .4 .7 .6521 .7581 .8601 1.1626 .3 .7 .6909 .7230 .9556 1 .0464 .3 .8 .6534 .7570 .8632 1.1585 .2 .8 .6921 .7218 .9590 1.0428 .2 .9 .6547 .7559 .8662 1.1544 .1 .9 .6934 .7206 .9623 1.0392 .1 41.0 0.6561 0.7547 0.8693 1.1504 49.0 44.0 0.6947 0.7193 0.9657 1.0355 46.0 .1 .6574 .7536 .8724 1.1463 .9 .1 .6959 .7181 .9691 1.0319 .9 .2 .6587 .7524 .8754 1.1423 .8 .2 .6972 .7169 .9725 1.0283 .8 .3 .6600 .7513 .8785 1.1383 .7 .3 .6984 .7157 .9759 1 .0247 .7 .4 .6613 .7501 .8816 1.1343 .6 .4 .6997 .7145 .9793 1.0212 .6 .5 .6626 .7490 .8847 1.1303 .5 .5 .7009 .7133 .9827 1.0176 .5 .6 .6639 .7478 .8878 1.1263 .4 .6 .7022 .7120 .9861 1.0141 .4 .7 .6652 .7466 .8910 1.1224 .3 .7 .7034 .7108 .9896 1.0105 .3 .8 .6665 .7455 .8941 1.1184 .2 .8 .6794 .7337 .9260 1.0799 .2 .9 .6678 .7443 .8972 1.1145 .1 .9 .6807 .7325 .9293 1.0761 .1 42.0 0.6691 0.7431 0.9004 1.1106 48.0 .1 .6704 .7420 .9036 1.1067 .9 .2 .6717 .7408 .9067 1.1028 .8 .3 .6730 .7396 .9099 1.0990 .7 .4 .6743 .7385 .9131 1.0951 .6 .5 .6756 .7373 .9163 1.0913 .5 .6 .6769 .7361 .9195 1.0875 .4 .7 .6782 .7349 .9228 1.0837 .3 .8 .6794 .7337 .9260 1 .0799 .2 .9 .6807 .7325 .9293 1.0761 .1 COS sin cot tan deg COS sin cot tan deg Julian Date Calendar Table 1-36 is a Julian date calendar. In leap years you should add one day after 28 February. Leap years occur every four years. The last leap year was 1992; therefore, the next few leap years will be 1996, 2000, and 2004. 1-119 Table 1-36. — Julian Date Calendar Day Jan Feb Mar 032 060 033 061 034 062 035 063 036 064 037 065 038 066 039 067 040 068 041 069 042 070 043 071 044 072 045 073 046 074 047 075 048 076 049 077 050 078 05 1 079 052 080 053 081 054 082 055 083 056 084 057 085 058 086 059 087 088 089 090 after February 28, In leap year. add 1 to the tabulated number. Windchill Factor The windchill factor is a computation of the still-air temperature that would have the same cooling effect on exposed human skin as a given combination of temperature and wind speed. You should use table 1-37 as a computation chart to figure windchill factor. 1-120 Table 1-37. — Windchill Factors ESTIMATED ACTUAL THERMOMETER READING OF) WIND SPEED (IN MPH) 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 •20 -30 •40 •50 -60 EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE (* F) CALM 50 40 30 20 10 0 ■10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 05 48 37 27 16 6 •5 -15 -26 -36 -47 -57 -68 10 40 28 16 4 -9 -24 •33 -46 •58 -70 -83 -95 15 36 22 3 -5 -18 -32 -45 -58 •72 -85 -99 -112 20 32 18 4 ■10 -25 -39 -53 -67 -82 ■96 -110 -124 25 30 16 0 •15 -29 -44 •59 •74 -88 -104 -118 -133 30 28 13 -2 -18 -33 -48 -63 •79 -94 -109 -125 •140 35 27 11 •4 •20 -35 -51 -67 -82 -98 -113 •123 •145 40 26 10 -6 -21 -37 -53 -69 -85 -100 -116 -132 -148 Wind speeds greater than 40 mph have little added effect. LITTLE DANGER (lor properly clothed person) Maximum danger of false sense of securitly. INCREASING DANGER □anger from freezing of ewposed flesh GREAT DANGER Effects of Heat and Humidity Humidity combines with heat to create a more uncomfortable apparent temperature. By using table 1-38 you can figure the apparent temperature caused by various combinations of air temperature and humidity. Remember, in heat waves the apparent temperatures may run 1 5 to 30 degrees higher in more humid areas. 1-121 Table 1-38. — Effects of Heat and Humidity Air Temperature 0 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Relative Humidity 0% Apparent Temperature 0 64 69 73 78 33 87 91 95 99 103 107 10% 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 111 116 20% 66 72 77 62 87 93 99 105 112 120 130 30% 67 73 78 64 90 96 104 113 123 135 146 40% 68 74 79 66 93 101 110 123 137 151 50% 69 75 81 68 96 107 120 135 150 60% 70 76 82 90 100 114 132 149 70% 70 77 85 93 106 124 144 80% 71 78 86 97 113 136 90% 71 79 88 102 122 1 00% 72 80 91 108 “D agrees Fahrenheit When apparent temperatures are between 90 and 105 degrees, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke are possible after prolonged exposure and physical activity. These become likely when apparent temperatures are between 105 and 130 degrees. Over 130 degrees, heatstroke is imminent. You should note that heatstroke can be fatal if medical care is delayed. GENERAL MAINTENANCE The general maintenance section provides you with information on cleaning solvents, lubricants, corrosion control, use of the oscilloscope, troubleshooting, classes of overhaul, and types of equipment modifications. It also provides information such as material identification, names of organizations that provide outside technical assistance, and publications and documents that will assist you in day-to-day maintenance. Corrosion Control (Cleaning and Lubricating) A corrosive atmosphere can damage unprotected electric and electronic equipment. You should be aware of the harmful effects of moisture and, in particular, salt spray and salt-impregnated air. To prevent corrosion, you should maintain an effective cleaning and lubricating schedule. Standard preventive maintenance (PMS) procedures provide only minimum protection. Any schedule should include dusting and cleaning, lubrication of moving parts, and the use of approved solvents or wetting agents to remove any dust, dirt, oil film, salt, or other contaminant. Table 1-39 is a list of standard Navy lubricants and solvents and their uses, as specified in Military Standard 454M (MIL-STD-454M). 1-122 Table 1-39. — Standard Navy Lubricants and Solvents SPECIFICATION NUMBER AND TITLE UNIT OF ISSUE GENERAL USE W-P-236 Petrolatum, Technical 1 lb. can 5 lb. can For use as a light grade of lubricating grease but not recommended for use as a lubricant in heavily loaded or hot running bearings. It may be used as a constituent in certain types of rust preventive compounds. P-D-680 Dry Cleaning Solvent 5 gal. pail For general cleaning of air filters, electronic equipment, and other general purpose cleanup. MIL-G-23827 Grease, Aircraft and Instrument 1 oz. tube 4 oz. tube 8 oz. Tube 1 lb. can 5 lb. can 35 lb. pail In ball, roller, needle bearings, gears and sliding and rolling surfaces of such equipment as instruments, cameras, electronic gear and aircraft control systems. Particularly suitable for equipment which must operate at both very low and very high temperatures for short periods. Does not contain extreme pressure or special antiwear additives. It is destructive to paint, natural rubber, and neoprene. MIL-G-81322 Grease, Aircraft 5 lb. can 35 lb. pail For lubrication and protection against corrosion of plain ball and roller bearings, and preservation of threads on ammunitions. MIL-L-17331 Lubricating Oil Steam Turbine 5 gal. 55 gal. In main turbines and gears, auxiliary turbine installation, certain hydraulic equipment general mechanical lubrication, and air compressors. MIL-L-2 1 05 Lubrication Oil Gear 5 gal. 1 gal. 55 gal. For lubrication of automotive gear units, heavy duty industrial-type enclosed gear units, steering gears, and fluid-lubricated universal joints of automotive equipment. MIL-L-6085 Lubricating Oil Instrument 1 1/2 oz. btl. 4 oz. can 1 qt. For aircraft instruments, electronic equipment, or where a low evaporation oil is required for both high and low temperature application, and where oxidation and corrosion resistance are desirable. Destructive to paint, neoprene and rubber. MIL-L-6086 Lubricating Oil Gear 1 gal. can 1 pt. can 1 gal. can 5 gal. drum For use under extremely low temperature, mild extreme pressure-type oil with load carrying additive. General use in aircraft use in aircraft gear mechanisms, exclusive of engines. MIL-L-17331 &M1L-L-17672 Lubricating Oil General Purpose i P t. 5 gal. 55 gal. For all applications which require other than special lubricants, and which are subject to normal variation between ambient and operating temperature. Use in lieu of MIL-L-6085 when oil will be in contact with neoprene. 1-123 Table 1-40. — Old and New Specification Solvents OLD MILITARY SPECIFICATION NEW MILITARY SPECIFICATION REFERENCE 14-P-l VV-P-236 See Table 1-39 14-L-3 MIL-G-18709 See Table 1-39 14-G-10 MIL-G-16908 See Table 1-39 14-L-ll VV-G-632 See Table 1-39 14-0-12 VV-I-530 See Table 1-39 14-0-13 MIL-L-9000 See Table 1-39 14-0-15 MIL-L- 17331 See Table 1-39 14-0-20 MIL-L-6085 See Table 1-39 AN-0-6a MIL-L-7870 See Table 1-39 KS 7470 MIL-L-17672 See Table 1-39 MIL-S- 16067 P-D-680 See Table 1-39 VV-0-401 VV-I-530 See Table 1-39 P-S-661 P-D-680 See Table 1-39 MIL-G-3545 MIL-G-81322 See Table 1-39 MIL-G-3278 MIL-G-23827 See Table 1-39 Table 1-41. — Manufacturer's Designations MANUFACTURER DESIGNATION MILITARY SPECIFICATION UNIT OF ISSUE Lubri-Plate No. 105 None 2 oz. Lubri-Plate No. 1 10 None 1 lb. Molykote "G" None 1 lb. Molykote M-77 None 1 lb. Stoddard Solvent P-D-680 140-F P-D-680 MOS, Lube-Power MIL-M-7866 10 oz. GE IOC VV-I-530 GE SS4005 M1L-S-8660 1 oz. Dow-Corning DC -4 MIL-S-8660 1 oz. McLube MOS 2 -210 (formerly MOS 2 -200) None As Requested McLube MOS 2 - 1118 None As Requested Thermotex 000 None 1 lb. 1-124 Table 1-42. — Lubricants Used in Electronics Equipment But Not Listed In MIL-STD-454M SPECIFICATION NUMBER AND TITLE UNIT OF ISSUE GENERAL USE 51-F-23 Hydraulic Fluid 5 gal. Used in connection with the hydraulic transmission 55 gal. of power. For use with Synthetic Seal. ASTM D-3699 Kerosene 5 gal. General uses such as a cleaner for machinery or tools. M1L-L-7870 Lubrication Oil General 4 oz. Specially designed for use where an oil of low Purpose 1 qt. evaporation, possessing rust-protective properties. 1 gal. is desired. VV-G-632 General Purpose Grease 35 lb. Automotive chassis, suitable for lubrication of 100 lb. machinery equipped with pressure grease fitting. MIL-G-8 1 322. Grease Aircraft 1 lb. Used in antifriction bearings operating at high 8 oz. speeds and high temperatures. MIL-C-1 1090 Cleaning Compound 5 gal. 55 gal. Used as a solvent for cleaning grease and oils. M1L-L-17672 Lubrication Oil General 1 gal. Used in steam turbines, hydraulic systems, water Purpose 55 gal. generators and hydraulic turbine governors. VV-L-751 Lubrication oil 35 lb. Cold weather. Warm weather. Hot weather. Used for lubricating chain, wire rope, exposed gears. Table 1-43 contains a list of common cleaning and preservation materials that were compiled from Naval Air Technical Manual 16-1-540, A vionic Cleaning and Corrosion Prevention Control. Table 1-43. — Cleaning Materials Non-abrasive cleaning & polishing pad Isopropyl alcohol TT-I-735 General purpose lubricating oil VV-L-800 Instrument grease MIL-G-8137 General purpose grease M1L-G-81322 Zip-lock plastic bags Distilled water Paint brush Toothbrush Pipe cleaners Q tips Face shield Goggles Rubber gloves Magnifying glass Vacuum cleaner Hot air gun Inspection mirror Rubber bucket Plastic spray bottle 1-125 Remember to use the proper safety precautions applicable to toxic, volatile solvents and flammable lubricants. You can refer to Naval Ships' Technical Manual (NSTM), Chapter 670, Stowage , Handling, and Disposal of Hazardous General Use Consumables , NAVSEA S9086-WK-STM-000. Using the Oscilloscope An oscilloscope can be used for more than just studying the shape of a waveform. By looking at lissajous patterns and using an octopus , you can compare the phase and frequency relationship of two signals and check electronic components in a circuit. LISSAJOUS PATTERNS. — The simplest lissajous patterns are produced by two sine waves of the same frequency and amplitude being applied to the horizontal and vertical deflection voltage inputs of an oscilloscope. Figure 1-37 shows patterns for several common phase relationships. These can be used to estimate the approximate phase angle of the two signals being studied. 1-126 Figure 1-37. — Lissajous patterns, showing the effects of phase relationships. Figure 1-38 will aid you in computing a phase angle if a more precise calculation is needed. We will use the graticule on the oscilloscope, a ratio formula, and sine (sin) table to compute the angle. 1-127 0 = 30° OR 0 = 360°- 30°= 330° Figure 1-38. — Computation of phase angle. To find the angle, we should first divide Y1 by Y2. We can then take that number, look it up in the sine portion of table 1-35, and read the angle. For example, let's let each graticule in figure 1-36 represent 1 centimeter. Then, Y1 = 1 Y2 Y1 Y2 If we look for .5 in the sine column of table 1-35, we find that .5 is the value for the sine of 30 degrees. The frequency ratio between two sine waves can also be determined from lissajous patterns. Figure 1-39 shows various frequency ratios between signals. Figure 1-40 and 1-41, views A, show how phase relationship can affect these patterns. If tangent lines are drawn across the top and down the side of the pattern, the ratio of points (free ends and loops) that touch these lines equals the frequency ratio. Figure 1- 41 is an example of this method. Refer back to figure 1-39 and notice the relationship of loops and open ends in each example. You can find more detailed information on lissajous patterns in the Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), Test Methods and Practices , NAVSEA 0976-LP-000-0130. 1-128 2:1 LISSAJOUS PATTERNS 8:1 LISSAJOUS PATTERNS 3:1 LISSAJOUS PATTERNS 5:3 LISSAJOUS PATTERNS Figure 1-39. — Lissajous patterns of different frequency ratios. 1-129 Figure 1-40. — Lissajous patterns for various phase relationships. 1-130 Figure 1-41 — 3:1 Lissajous patterns and calculation of frequency ratio. THE OCTOPUS. — The octopus is a small, homemade test set used with an oscilloscope to check electronic components in circuit. It can be made easily and cheaply using parts from the supply system. Figure 1-42 is a schematic of an octopus that uses either a 6.3-volt filament transformer or an audio oscillator for input power. The benefits of in circuit troubleshooting with an octopus are (1) reduced maintenance time, (2) less chance of damage from soldering-iron heat, and (3) a visual display of the component's condition. 1-131 AUDIO OSClLLA - OR PROSE P=10BE Figure 1-42. — Octopus schematic diagram (typical). The octopus tests all components for shorts, high resistance, and opens; it checks front-to-back ratios on junction components (transistors and diodes); and it analyzes ICs and reactive components (capacitors and inductors). Figure 1-43 shows some typical oscilloscope displays obtained when the octopus is used. Figures 1-44, 1-45, and 1-46 depict transistor, potentiometer, and combination component displays, respectively. Detailed operating procedures can be found in topic 6 of NEETS, Module 16, Introduction to Test Equipment , and in the Electronic Installation and Maintenance Book (E1MB), Test Methods and Practices , NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-130. Figure 1-43. — Typical oscilloscope displays for an octopus. 1-132 Figure 1-44. — Transistor check, single junction. Figure 1-45. — Potentiometer noise check. 1-133 SCOPE PRESENTATION DIODE/CAPACITOR (A) SCOPE PRESENTATION TRANSISTOR/COIL (B) Figure 1-46. — Combination displays. Six-Step Troubleshooting Procedure You may have the job of maintaining or helping to maintain some electrical or electronic unit, subsystem, or system. Some of these jobs may be complex, but even a complex job can be broken down into simple steps. Basically, any repair of electric or electronic equipment should be done in the following order: 1 . Symptom recognition. This is the action of recognizing some disorder or malfunction in electronic equipment. 2. Symptom elaboration. Obtaining a more detailed description of the trouble symptom is the purpose of this step. 3. Listing probable faulty functions. This step is applicable to equipment that contains more than one functional area or unit. From the information you have gathered, where could the trouble logically be located? 4. Localizing the faulty function. In this step you determine which of the functional units of the multiunit equipment is actually at fault. 1-134 5. Localizing trouble to the circuit. You will do extensive testing in this step to isolate the trouble to a specific circuit. 6. Failure analysis. This step is multipart. Here you determine which part is faulty, repair/replace the part, determine what caused the failure, return the equipment to its proper operating status, and record the necessary information in a recordkeeping book for other maintenance personnel in the future. While not a part of this step, the technician should reorder any parts used in repair of the faulty equipment. Sometimes you may run into difficulty in finding (or troubleshooting) the problem. Some hints that may help in your efforts are: • Observe the equipment's operation for any and all faults • Check for any defective components with your eyes and nose • Analyze the cause of the failure for a possible underlying problem Classes of Overhaul Work There are five classes of equipment overhaul (A, B, C, D, and E). The class defines the type and scope of work to be done on each equipment by the overhauling activity. (Do not confuse equipment overhaul with the term regular overhaul.) CLASS A OVERHAUL. — A class A overhaul includes overhaul, repair, and/or modification; for example a modification could be an Ordnance Alteration (ORDALT), Special Program Alteration (SPALT), Ship Alteration (SHIPALT), or a field change that will sustain or improve the performance of a system or component to meet its most-recent design and technical specifications. The end product should be like new in appearance and operation. CLASS B OVERHAUL. — A class B overhaul includes overhaul and repair that will restore the performance of a system or component to its original design and technical specifications. Modifications or alterations are not done unless specified by the customer. CLASS C OVERHAUL. — A class C overhaul includes only repair work on a system or component specified by a work request or work required to correct malfunctions specified by the customer. CLASS D OVERHAUL. — A class D overhaul includes work related to the open, inspect and report type of work request. It is intended to be diagnostic in nature and may require various tests. It is normally associated with preoverhaul test and inspection (POT& I). CLASS E OVERHAUL. — A class E overhaul includes work required to incorporate all alterations and/or modifications specified for a system or component. Alterations and Modifications to Equipment Alterations and modifications to shipboard systems and equipment may take several forms. Some of these are Ship Alterations (SHIPALTS), Ordnance Alterations (ORDALTS), Special Program Alterations (SPALTS), and Air Alterations (AIRALTS). These alterations (with the exception of electronic equipment field changes) are categorized as follows: 1-135 • A military alteration that changes or improves the operational or military characteristics of a ship. • A technical alteration that generally concerns personnel safety and equipment effectiveness. • An alteration-equivalent-to-repair (AER) could be one of three types. One involves substitution, without change in design, of approved, different material, available from standard stock. The second involves replacement of worn or damaged parts, assemblies, or equipment with those of later and more efficient design that have been approved by the responsible systems command. The last type is used for strengthening of parts that need repair or replacement to improve the reliability of the parts, provided no other change in design is involved. ALTERATION RESPONSIBILITIES.— Ship alterations (SHIPALTS) involve material under the technical control of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). Alterations which affect shipboard systems and equipment under the technical control of other systems commands; for example, air alterations (AIRALTS), ordnance alterations (ORDALTS), and special program alterations (SPALTS), are not SHIPALTS. However, they may require concurrent SHIPALTS if changes affect shipboard system interface. ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FIELD CHANGES.— Field changes are identified by type and class. The type depends on the material included in the change kit or furnished by the installing activity. The class refers to the funding and the installation responsibility. Details concerning various types of and approval authority for alterations can be found in the Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), General , NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-100. Material Identification At some time in your work, you will probably have to replace a defective part or component. If you are familiar with national stock numbers (NSNs), Navy item control numbers (NICNs), part numbers (PNs), and the Coordinated Shipboard Allowance List (COSAL), getting the replacement should be a simple chore. NATIONAL STOCK NUMBERS (NSNs).— An NSN is a 13-digit stock number used to identify an item of material in the Federal Catalog System of the Department of Defense. It consists of a four-digit federal supply classification (FSC) and a nine-digit national item identification number (NUN). The first two digits of the FSC denote the group or major division of materials and the last two digits denote the class of subdivision of material within a group. Examples of groups are: GROUP TITLE 31 Bearings 48 Valves 59 Electrical and Electronic Systems Components 79 Cleaning supplies 1-136 A complete listing of groups is provided in NAVSUP P-485, A float Supply Procedures. The NUN consists of a two-digit national codification bureau (NCB) code and seven digits which, in conjunction with the NCB code, uniquely identify each NSN item in the Federal Supply System. For example: FSC FSC Group Class ode 3110 - 00 - 123-4567 FCS NUN Two NCB codes are assigned for the United States, 00 and 01. Code 00 identifies all FSNs (1 1 -digit federal stock numbers used prior to NSNs) assigned prior to 31 March 1975. Code 01 identifies the numbers assigned after that time. The NCBs must be included and be correct, or the material may be rejected or you may receive the wrong material. NAVY ITEM CONTROL NUMBERS (NICNs) — Material not included in the Federal Catalog System, but stocked or monitored in the Navy Supply System, are listed by 13-character Navy item control numbers (NICNs). These NICNs are readily identified by a two-position alpha code which signifies the type of NICN. This code and a seven-position alphanumeric uniquely identify each NICN item in the Navy Supply System. NICN codes that are currently used and examples of NICNs follow: NICN CODE APPLICATION EXAMPLE LE Poseidon items common to Trident 1220-LE-F00-4016 LF Stock numbers for forms 1 0 1 8-LF-504-220 1 LK Aircraft change kit numbers 1 234-LK-UA 1 -2345 LP Stock numbers for publications 0530-LP-485-0000 LS Special programs alteration kit numbers 1234-LS-123-4567 LX ASO local control numbers 1 560-LX-NPI-2345 LL Local control numbers (Temporary) 4820-LL-000-1234 Local control numbers (Permanent) 7520-LL-CAO-0001 Note: The permanent local control number can always be recognized by a C in the seventh position. Parts can be ordered by using a NUN or NICN. PART NUMBERS (PNs). — A part number (also known as reference number) may be used to identify a material item or to assist you in finding the current NSN. Part numbers include old NSNs, FSNs, electron tube type numbers, and electronic equipment circuit symbol numbers. Two other important sources for reference numbers are manufacturers' part numbers and Navy drawing and piece 1-137 numbers. They can be easily converted to NSNs by using the Master Cross-Reference List (MCRL). Table 1-44 shows excerpts from the MCRL. If the part or reference numbers do not cross to an NSN, the P/N can be used to order the replacement. A good source of part numbers is the parts list in the equipment technical manual. Table 1-44. — Excerpts from Master Cross-Reference List (MCRL) FEDERAL SUPPLY CODE FOR MANUFACTURERS J1? REF NO FSCM NSN 1 s c R N V C R N C C s A D C D A ITEM NAME CBTV545A 8O003 5625-00-714-3952* 3 2 5 OSCILLOSCOPE E525-00-Z25-0Z4B CBTYPE102 7 7075 M.30-00-7 34-93 U 5 2 3 N COMPOUND. CALKIN CBTZ2200D 23O40 Z 530-00-06* -0345* ? 2 5 CUP, HYDRAULIC B 253O-0O-Z7S-2267 CBTZ6256A 23040 3O20-QQ-4M-9631 C 2 3 N SPROCKET, DRIVE CBT12 85 537 K6G-00 -5B6- 6660 5 2 3 CHIP BREAKER CBT13-023 801 03 5910-00-500-9119 3 2 3 CAPACITOR, FIXED PART - 1 (REFERENCE NUMBER - TO - NEW) NSN 1 s c REF NO FSCM R N V C R N C C s A D C D A ITEM NAME «a5-0C-714-»71l 3 SSCS-OO- 503-6964* 6E2 5-00-7 14-J9SC 5 10656-30? 94756 2 i N PULLEY. FLAT WEB 662 5-00-7 14- 3992* 3 CBTY545A 30009 2 5 OSCILLOSCOPE PG534900041-6 33507 2 3 OSCILLOSCOPE ;nii9ji 55232 2 5 OSCILLOSCOPE 15C01 2 3 OSCILLOSCOPE :a«2aa >XI03 2 5 OSCILLOSCOPE 5454 aoooo 2 3 OSCILLOSCOPE 9975856 13a 76 ? 5 OSCILLOSCOPE 6625-30 Z?6-l>249 6625-00-714-399.3 6 65B7 47496 ^ 2 3 METER. ELECTRICA PART - 2 (NSN - TO - REFERENCE NUMBER) COORDINATED SHIPBOARD ALLOWANCE LIST (COSAL).— The COSAL can help you to identify repair or replacement parts. Part IIB of the COSAL is a cross-reference (microfiche only) from circuit symbol number to PN/NIIN/NICN. These parts are normally carried onboard ship for ready issue. 1-138 Outside Assistance Your command may from time to time request assistance from another activity. This outside assistance is usually for the purpose of training, technical assistance on unusual design, planning, installation, or solving maintenance problems. Many of these activities exist throughout the fleet and shore establishments. Their capabilities and areas of responsibility differ just as equipment and systems differ. Several of the more widely known activities are included below. MOBILE TECHNICAL UNITS (MOTU).— MOTUs provide on-the-job training and technical assistance for shipboard NAVSEA-SYSCOM/NAVELEXSYSCOM systems and equipment. They are staffed by senior military personnel and Contractor Engineering and Technical Sendees (CETS) representatives. MOTU’s and NAUSEA combined about 10 years ago to form FTSCLANT/PAC. MOTUs are located in the following areas: FTSCLANT/PAC Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Norfolk, Va. Groton, Conn. San Diego, Calif. Naples, Italy Yokosuka, Japan Mayport, Fla. NSB Kings Bay, Ga. Seattle, Wash. NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND (NAVSEA).— NAVSEA provides technical assistance through the use of direct fleet support technicians (TECHREP). These technicians are not to be used primarily as repairmen. The objective of their services is to promote fleet readiness and maintenance self- sufficiency. NAVSEATECHREP are located at Naval Sea Support Centers (NAVSEACENs) in Portsmouth, Va., and San Diego, Calif. They are also located at Fleet Support Offices (FSOs) in Mayport, Fla., Charleston, S.C., and New London, Conn. Selected equipment may have sendees provided by NAVSES, Philadelphia, or NAVSHIPWPNSYSENGSTA (NSWSES), Port Hueneme, Calif. NAVAL ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS COMMAND (NAVELEX).— NAVELEX equipment is supported by the Fleet Liaison Program. Training and technical assistance is provided by civilian technicians at six NAVELEX field activities. Five are Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Centers (NESECs) and one is a Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Activity (NESEA). Fleet Liaison Offices are located at NESEC Washington, D.C., NESEC Charleston, S.C., NESEC Portsmouth, Va., NESEC San Diego, Calif., NESEC Vallejo, Calif., and NESEA St. Inigoes, Md. NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND (NAVAIR).— NAVAIR established the Navy Engineering and Technical Services (NETS) program to provide a source of technical and training assistance expertise. The program is comprised of military and civilian personnel. These people are qualified to provide advice, instruction, and training to support the installation, operation, and maintenance of Navy weapons, weapon-systems, and equipment. NETS technicians are assigned and administered by the Pacific Missile Test Center, Point Mugu, Calif., and the Naval Aviation Engineering Sendee Unit (NAESU), Philadelphia, Pa. The Pacific Missile Test Center provides engineering and technical services on air-launched missile systems, air-launched guided weapons. Navy target systems, conventional ordnance, and associated 1-139 support equipment. All aircraft equipment and systems not specified above are the responsibility of the Naval Aviation Engineering Service Unit (NAESU). NAVAL AVIATION ENGINEERING SERVICE UNIT (NAESU).— NAESU provides field engineering assistance and instruction in installation, repair, and operation of all types of aviation systems and equipment to naval aviation fleet and shore activities throughout the world. This is accomplished by detachments (NAESU DETs) at the following locations: Atlanta, Ga. Atsugi, Japan Barbers Point, Hawaii Beaufort, S.C. Bermuda Brunswick, Maine Cecil Field, Fla. Cherry Point, N.C. China Lake, Calif. Corpus Christi, Tex. Cubi Point, Philippines Dallas, Tex. Detroit, Mich. El Toro, Calif. Glenview, 111. Agana, Guam Iwakuni, Japan Jacksonville, Fla. Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii Key West, Fla. Lemoore, Calif Miramar, Calif. Misawa, Japan Moffett Field, Calif. Naples, Italy New Orleans, La. New River, N.C. Norfolk, Va Oceana, Va. Okinawa, Japan Patuxent River, Md. Pensacola, Fla. Point Mugu, Calif. Rota, Spain San Diego, Calif. Sigonella, Sicily South Weymouth, Mass. Washington, D.C. Whidbey Island, Wash. Willow Grove, Pa. Yuma, Ariz. Memphis, Tenn CARRIER AND FIELD SERVICE UNITS (CAFSUs).— CAFSUs furnish technical guidance and assistance to shipyards, ship repair facilities, and shore and fleet personnel concerning the installation, operation, maintenance, and testing of shipboard NAVAIR equipment. This equipment includes catapults, arresting gear, visual landing aids, flight deck lighting, pilot landing aid television (PLAT) systems, Fresnel-lens optical landing systems (FLOLS), and integrated launch and recovery television surveillance (1LARTS) systems. CAFSUs are under the administrative control of the Naval Air Engineering Center (NAEC), Lakehurst, N.J., and are located at the following activities: NAS Norfolk, Va. NAVSTA Mayport, Fla. NAF Naples, Italy NAS North Island, Calif. SRF Subic Bay, Philippines NAEC Philadelphia, Pa. SRF Yokosuka, Japan NAS Alemeda, Calif. INTERMEDIATE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES (IMAs) — Afloat IMAs (tenders and repair ships) and shore IMAs (SIMAs) provide maintenance support for repairs beyond the capabilities of ship's force. IMAs also have facilities for test equipment calibration and emergency parts manufacture. Electrical, electronic, and ordnance repair divisions provide repairs on various equipment including gyrocompasses, navigational equipment, film projectors, internal communications, sonar, radar, IFF, 1-140 radio receivers and transmitters, test antennas, guns and small arms, torpedoes, fire control, and missile systems. Table 1-45 lists the various IMAs and their locations. Table 1-45. — Intermediate Maintenance Activities A. DESTROYER TENDER (AD) SIERRA AD 18 CHARLESTON YOSEMITE AD 19 MAYPORT SAMUEL GOMPERS AD 37 SAN DIEGO PUGET SOUND AD 38 GAETA YELLOWSTONE AD 41 NORFOLK ACADIA AD 42 SAN DIEGO CAPE COD AD 43 SAN DIEGO SHENANDOAH AD 44 NORFOLK B. REPAIR SHIP (AR) VULCAN AR 5 NORFOLK JASON AR 8 PEARL HARBOR C. SUBMARINE TENDER (AS) FULTON AS 11 QUINCY ORION AS 18 LA MADDALENA PROTEUS AS 19 GUAM HUNLEY AS 31 HOLY LOCH HOLLAND AS 32 CHARLESTON SIMON LAKE AS 33 KINGS BAY CANOPUS AS 34 CHARLESTON L Y SOEAR AS 36 NORFOLK DIXON AS 37 SAN DIEGO EMORY S LAND AS 39 NORFOLK FRANK CABLE AS 40 CHARLESTON MCKEE AS 41 SAN DIEGO D. SHORE INTERMEDIATE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY SIMA CHARLESTON CHARLESTON SIMA GUANTANAMO BAY GUANTANAMO SIMA LITTLE CREEK LITTLE CREEK SIMA (NRMF) NEWPORT NEWPORT R.I. SIMA MAYPORT MAYPORT SIMA NORFOLK NORFOLK SIMA PORTSMOUTH VA PORTSMOUTH VA SIMA (NRMF) PHILADELPHIA NB PHILA SIMA SAN DIEGO SAN DIEGO SIMA PEARL HARBOR PEARL HARBOR SIMA SAN FRANCISCO ALAMEDA SIMA LONG BEACH LONG BEACH 1-141 Publications and Documents Various publications, some of which are discussed below, are available for guidance in maintenance work or for reference and study. In general, these publications are available from the Naval Publications and Forms Center through the supply system. NAVAL SHIPS’ TECHNICAL MANUAL (NSTM).— The Naval Ships' Technical Manual (NSTM) is a prime reference for information on NAVSEA equipment. Chapter 400, Electronics , is most useful as it provides major policies and instructions pertaining to electronics work and material under NAVSEA and NAVELEX responsibility. Other chapters of interest to electrical and electronics technicians are: 300 Electrical Plant General 302 Electric Motors and Controllers 310 Electric Power Generators and Conversion Equipment 320 Electric Power Distribution Systems 330 Lighting 430 Interior Communication Installations 434 Motion Picture Equipment 491 Electrical Measuring and Test Instruments 510 Ventilating, Heating, Cooling, and Air-Conditioning Systems for Surface Ships 532 Liquid-Cooling Systems for Electronic Equipment 9006 Submarine Antennas and Masts 634 Deck Coverings ELECTRONICS INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE BOOK (EIMB).— The Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book series supplements instructions and data supplied in equipment technical manuals. The EIMB is intended to reduce time-consuming research on electronic equipment and circuit theory. These handbooks fall into two categories: general information and equipment-oriented handbooks. The latter includes general test procedures, adjustments, and general servicing information. All handbooks of the series are listed below. TITLE NUMBERS GENERAL General Installation Standards Electronic Circuits Test Methods & Practices Reference Data EMI Reduction General Maintenance SE000-00-E1M- 1 00 0967-LP-000-01 10 0967-000-0120 0967-LP-000-0130 0967-000-0140 0967-000-0150 SE000-00-EIM- 1 60 EQUIPMENT-ORIENTED Communications Radar Sonar Test Equipment Radiac Countermeasures SEOOO-OO-EIM-0 1 0 SE000-00-EIM-020 SE000-00-EIM-030 SE000-00-EIM-040 0967-000-0050 SE000-00-EIM-07 1-142 ENGINEERING INFORMATION BULLETIN (EIB).— The Engineering Information Bulletin is published biweekly and distributed to all naval ships and electronics installation and maintenance activities. It is authoritative and is a means of rapid dissemination of advanced hull, mechanical, electronic, electrical, and related equipment information. It includes information concerning approved beneficial suggestions, electronics field changes, mechanical alterations (MECHALTS), installation techniques, maintenance notes and practices, and technical manual availabilities, advance change notices, and distribution. EQUIPMENT TECHNICAL MANUALS. — Technical manuals carry information essential to the proper operation, maintenance, and repair of specific equipment. These manuals may occasionally contain errors. In those cases, change notices are provided to correct the manuals. Updates because of equipment changes are also provided. These changes must be installed in the technical manuals to maintain accuracy and to prevent the loss of man-hours resulting from the use of obsolete data and/or schematics. The Guide for User Maintenance ofNAVSEA Technical Manuals, NAVSEA S005-AA-GYD-030/TMMP, provides information on identifying, ordering, deficiency reporting, and updating technical manuals. NAVSUP PUBLICATION 2002— NAVSUP 2002 is the Navy Stock List of Publication and Forms and provides NSNs for ordering Navy publications and their changes. Each edition is issued quarterly and supersedes the previous one in its entirety. It is produced in microfiche only and contains three sections: Section 1 — Forms Section 2 — Publications Section 3 — NAVAIR Technical Directives DECKPLATE. — The deckplate is a technical periodical published monthly by NAVSEA. It contains information on design, construction, conversion, operation, maintenance, and repair of Navy vessels and their equipment. It also includes articles on personnel safety, service hints, and adopted beneficial suggestions. NAVAL SAFETY CENTER PUBLICATIONS.— The Naval Safety Center publishes bulletins and several periodicals to keep Navy personnel informed on the subject of accident prevention. • Ship Safety Bulletin — This monthly newsletter contains safety notes and accident data. • Fathom — This quarterly magazine contains a review of surface ship and submarine accident prevention and safety articles. • Approach — This magazine is a monthly review of articles concerning aviation safety and accident prevention. • MECH — MECH is a bimonthly review of aviation maintenance related mishaps, material/personnel hazards, and general aviation ground safety. TRAINING MANUALS (TRAMANS). — Training manuals are designed to give enlisted personnel background knowledge for the proper performance of their assigned jobs. Electrical and electronic theory and operation and maintenance information on pertinent equipment are presented at different rating levels in the TRAMANs written for the technical rates. 1-143 REFERENCES Afloat Shopping Guide, NAVSUP Publication 4400 , Naval Supply Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1991. Afloat Supply Procedures, NAVSUP Publication 485, 0530-LP- 185-7600, Naval Supply Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1989. Avionic Cleaning and Corrosion Prevention/Control, NAVAIR 16-1-540, Nava! Air Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1984. Basic Military Requirements, NAVEDTRA 10054-F, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1986. Cable Comparison Handbook, Military Standard MIL- STD 299, Department of De fense, Washington, D.C., 1989. Capacitors, Selection and Use of, Military Standard MIL-SID-198E, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1984. Circuit Breakers, Selection and Use of, Military Standard MIL-STD-1498B, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1988. Design Data Book, USN Ships NAVSEA 0902-LP-006-0000, Nava! Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1988. Electrical Connectors, Plug-in Sockets, and Associated Hardware, Selection and Use of, Military Standard MIL-STD-1353B, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1980. Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), General, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-100, 1983. Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), Test Methods and Practices, NAVSEA 0967 -LP- 000-0130, Nava! Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1980. Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), Reference Data, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., NAVSHIPS 0967-000-0140, 1972. Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), General Maintenance, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., NAVSEA SE000-00-E1M-160, 1981. Fiber Optic Symbols, Military Standard MIL-STD-1864, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1991. Fuses, Fuseholders, and Associated Hardware, Selection and Use of, Military Standard MIL-S'l D- 1360 A, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1979. Glossary of Telecommunication Terms, Federal Standard 1037 A, General Services Administration, Washington, D.C., 1986. 1 C Electrician 3, Nava! Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., NAVEDTRA 10059-A, 1989. 1-144 Installation Practices-Aircraft Electric and Electronic Wiring, NAVAIR 01-1A-505, Naval Air Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1988. Installation Standards and Practices, NAVELEX 02 80 -LP -900-8000, 1977. Insulation Sleeving, Electrical, He at -Shrinkable, Polyolefin, Dual-Wall, Outer Wall Cross! inked, Military Specification MIL-I-23053/4C, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1988. Insulation Sleeving, Electrical, Heat-Shrinkable, Polyolefin, Flexible, Crosslinked, Military Specification MIL-I-23053/5B, Washington, D.C., 1986. Linear Integrated Circuits Study Booklet, Module 34, CNTT-E-056, 1981. List of Standard Microcircuits, Military Standard MIL-STD- 1562V, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1991. Microcircuits, General Specification for, Military Specification MIL-M-38510H, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1990. Naval Oceanography Command Instruction 3 144. 1C, 1983. Naval Ships' Technical Manual (NSTM), Stowage, Handling, and Disposal of Hazardous General Use Consumables, Chapter 670, NAVSEA S9086-WK-STM-010, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1987. NEETS, Module 1, Introduction to Matter, Energy, and Direct Current, NAVEDTRA 172-01-00-88, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1988. NEETS, Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers, NAVEDTRA 172-02-00-91, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1991. NEETS, Module 3, Introduction to Circuit Protection, Control, and Measurement, NAVEDTRA 172-03- 00-85, Nava! Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Fla., 1995. NEETS, Module 4, Introduction to Electrical Conductors, Wiring Techniques, and Schematic Reading, NAVEDTRA 172-04-00-85, Nava! Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1985. NEETS, Module 5, Introduction to Generators and Motors, NAVEDTRA 172-05-00-79, Nava! Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1979. NEETS, Module 6, Introduction to Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies, NAVEDTRA 172-06- 00-82, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1982. NEETS, Module 7, Introduction to Solid-State Devices and Power Supplies, NAVEDTRA 172-07-00-82, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1982. NEETS, Module 8, Introduction to Amplifiers, NAVEDTRA 172-08-00-82, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1982. 1-145 NEETS, Module 9, Introduction to Wave Generation and Wave-Shaping Circuits, NAVEDTRA 172-09- 00-83, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1983. NEETS, Module 13, Introduction to Number Systems, Boolean Algebra, and Logic Circuits, NAVEDTRA 172-13-00-86, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1986. NEETS, Module 18, Radar Principles, NAVEDTRA 172-18-00-84, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1984. Resistors, Selection and Use of, Military Standard MIL-STD-199E, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1991. Rf Transmission Lines and Fittings, M1L-HDBK-216, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1962. Shipboard Electronic Material Officer, NAVEDTRA 10478-A1, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1982. Standard General Requirements for Electronics Equipment, Military Standard MIL-STD-454M, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1989. 1-146